{ "schema_version": 1, "site": "nada", "as_of": "2026-10-06", "scope": "An evidence-pointer catalogue of published reading, not every mineral, gem name, company or watch reference. One identity can have more than one article. Sources retain their individual review dates. Queued topics are internal and have no public placeholder pages.", "counts": { "expanded_library_article_entries": 100, "unique_subjects": 100, "linked_article_studies": 108, "unique_material_topics": 72, "unique_house_identities": 20, "guides": 8, "new_profiles_this_batch": 6 }, "facet_status_note": "Partial means cited reading exists; it is not a completeness score. 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Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-overview", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-overview", "title": "GIA: Diamond", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-description", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-description", "title": "GIA: Diamond description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-history", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-history", "title": "GIA: Diamond history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-care", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-care", "title": "GIA: Diamond care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::hope", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "hope", "title": "Smithsonian: History of the Hope Diamond", "url": "https://www.si.edu/spotlight/hope-diamond/history", "publisher": "Smithsonian", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, appearance", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-geoscience", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-geoscience", "title": "Geoscience Australia: Diamond", "url": "https://www.ga.gov.au/education/minerals-energy/australian-mineral-facts/diamond", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: geology, origins-reading", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-quality", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-quality", "title": "GIA: Diamond Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-quality-factor", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-pink-research", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-pink-research", "title": "GIA: Why are Pink Diamonds Pink?", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/why-pink-diamonds-pink-gia-researchers-dive-deep-into-crystal-structure", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-hope-catalog", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-hope-catalog", "title": "Smithsonian: Hope Diamond catalog record", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002684", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: discovery", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-hope-mail", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-hope-mail", "title": "National Postal Museum: Hope Diamond Packaging", "url": "https://postalmuseum.si.edu/hope-diamond-packaging", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: discovery", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-lab-comparison", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-lab-comparison", "title": "GIA: Is There a Difference Between Natural and Laboratory-Grown Diamonds?", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/difference-between-natural-laboratory-grown-diamonds", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diamond::diamond-lab-growth", "article_id": "gem-diamond", "id": "diamond-lab-growth", "title": "GIA: HPHT and CVD Diamond Growth Processes", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-website/hpht-and-cvd-diamond-growth-processes", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::diamond-D", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "diamond-D", "title": "Diamond: Material description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Material description; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::diamond-H", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "diamond-H", "title": "Diamond: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "History and lore; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::diamond-blue", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "diamond-blue", "title": "Fancy Color Diamond Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/fancy-color-diamond-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Boron and many blue diamonds; cut and light path affect face-up colour.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::diamond-colour", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "diamond-colour", "title": "Fancy colour diamond description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/fancy-color-diamond-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "D-to-Z versus fancy colours; visible colour families, not a valuation.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::diamond-yellow", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "diamond-yellow", "title": "Naturally Colored Yellow and Orange Gem Diamonds: The Nitrogen Factor", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2020-naturally-colored-yellow-orange-diamonds", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Nitrogen-related lattice defects and colour; research article, 2020.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::durability", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "durability", "title": "More than the Mohs scale: gem durability", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/more-than-mohs-scale-gem-durability/", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Scratch resistance, toughness and stability are different properties.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::hope-history", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "hope-history", "title": "Hope Diamond: History", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/hope-diamond-history", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Documented owners and uncertain early acquisition; do not treat the Kollur attribution as proven.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "diamond::hope-object", "article_id": "diamond", "id": "hope-object", "title": "Hope Diamond collection", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/hope-diamond", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Identity and collection context of the historical object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-ruby", "name": "Ruby", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Corundum", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-ruby", "ruby" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-ruby.html", "reference-ruby.html" ], "word_count": 1937, "summary": "Ruby is red corundum, the same mineral species as sapphire.", "taxonomy_basis": 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"gem-ruby::ruby-history", "article_id": "gem-ruby", "id": "ruby-history", "title": "GIA: Ruby history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ruby-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ruby::ruby-care", "article_id": "gem-ruby", "id": "ruby-care", "title": "GIA: Ruby care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ruby-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ruby::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-ruby", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ruby::ruby-quality", "article_id": "gem-ruby", "id": "ruby-quality", "title": "GIA: Ruby quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ruby-quality-factor", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, appearance, care", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ruby::ruby-spinel-history", "article_id": "gem-ruby", "id": "ruby-spinel-history", "title": "GIA: Spinel history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discovery", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ruby::ruby-inclusions", "article_id": "gem-ruby", "id": "ruby-inclusions", "title": "GIA: Inclusions in natural, synthetic and treated ruby", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2017-inclusions-natural-synthetic-ruby", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": 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beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "sapphire::sapphire-Q", "article_id": "sapphire", "id": "sapphire-Q", "title": "Sapphire: Quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sapphire-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Quality factors; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "sapphire::sapphire-grand", "article_id": "sapphire", "id": "sapphire-grand", "title": "The Grand Sapphire of Louis XIV: historical and gemological discoveries", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2015-sapphire-ruspoli-sapphire-historical-gemological-discoveries", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Historical misinterpretation of a fashioned sapphire as a natural crystal; corrected identification of the historical object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "sapphire::sapphire-ilakaka", "article_id": "sapphire", "id": "sapphire-ilakaka", "title": "GIA Field Gemology Team Explores Sapphire Mines at Ilakaka", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/sapphire-mines-ilakaka-madagascar-field-expedition", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "1998 deposit discovery; 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Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-overview", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-overview", "title": "GIA: Emerald", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-description", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-description", "title": "GIA: Emerald description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-history", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-history", "title": "GIA: Emerald history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-care", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-care", "title": "GIA: Emerald care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-origin", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-origin", "title": "GIA: Geographic Origin Determination of Emerald", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2019-emerald-geographic-origin-determination", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-quality", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-quality", "title": "GIA: Emerald Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-quality-factor", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, appearance", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-geology", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-geology", "title": "GIA: Geology of Corundum and Emerald Gem Deposits", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2019-geology-of-corundum-and-emerald-gem-deposits", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: geology", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-hooker", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-hooker", "title": "Smithsonian: Hooker Emerald", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002707", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: discovery", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-filler-reports", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-filler-reports", "title": "GIA: GIA Enhances its Emerald Reports", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-press/gia-enhances-emerald-reports", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-synthesis", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-synthesis", "title": "GIA: Synthetic Emeralds Grown by Richard Nacken in the Mid-1920s", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-synthetic-emeralds-richard-nacken-1920s", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-emerald::emerald-imitation", "article_id": "gem-emerald", "id": "emerald-imitation", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Simulants or Imitation Gem Materials", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-imitation", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-C", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-C", "title": "Emerald: Care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Care and cleaning; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-D", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-D", "title": "Emerald: Material description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Material description; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-H", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-H", "title": "Emerald: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "History and lore; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-Q", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-Q", "title": "Emerald: Quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/emerald-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Quality factors; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-carolina", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-carolina", "title": "Beryl, variety emerald: North Carolina specimen", "url": "https://www.si.edu/object/beryl-var-emerald%3Anmnhmineralsciences_1007592", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "6.5-carat cut emerald from North Carolina; not a current supply claim.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-inclusions", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-inclusions", "title": "Three-Phase Inclusions in Emerald and Their Impact on Origin Determination", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2014-saeseaw-three-phase-inclusions-emerald", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Similar inclusions occur in several countries; origin is not identified from one inclusion alone.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::emerald-zambia", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "emerald-zambia", "title": "Emeralds from the Kafubu Area, Zambia", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2005-emeralds-kafubu-zambia-zwaan", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "1928 regional knowledge, commercial expansion in the 1970s, reaction-zone geology; 2005 research, not current production ranking.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::gachala", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "gachala", "title": "Gachalá Emerald", "url": "https://www.si.edu/object/gachala-emerald%3Anmnhmineralsciences_1059691", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "858-carat crystal and Colombian locality.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::gachala-gift", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "gachala-gift", "title": "Presentation of Gachalá Emerald", "url": "https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_391620", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "1969 presentation and gift; archival photograph has separate reuse restrictions and is not embedded here.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::muzo", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "muzo", "title": "The Muzo emerald deposit", "url": "https://iugs-geoheritage.org/geoheritage_sites/the-muzo-emerald-deposit/", "publisher": "Other primary record", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Colombian hydrothermal-sedimentary geological context and pre-Columbian knowledge; no new licence for its photographs implied.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "emerald::photo-emerald-muzo", "article_id": "emerald", "id": "photo-emerald-muzo", "title": "Emerald in matrix, Muzo — photograph record", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%28Muzo%29_Emerald_crystal_in_its_matrix.jpg", "publisher": "Didier Descouens / Wikimedia Commons", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Emerald crystal in matrix, identified in the photographer’s record as Muzo, Colombia. This is not the Gachalá Emerald. Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-aquamarine", "name": "Aquamarine", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Beryl", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-aquamarine" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-aquamarine.html" ], "word_count": 943, "summary": "Blue beryl links high mountain crystals, delicate colour and a remarkable carved obelisk.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-description", "aquamarine-overview" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-description", "aquamarine-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-description", "aquamarine-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-colour-research" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-history", "aquamarine-birthstone" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-quality", "aquamarine-care" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "appreciation", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-quality" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "geology", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-geology", "aquamarine-birthstone" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-birthstone", "aquamarine-dom-pedro" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-birthstone", "aquamarine-dom-pedro" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-quality", "aquamarine-care" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-birthstone", "aquamarine-dom-pedro" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-quality", "aquamarine-care" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-history", "aquamarine-birthstone" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-dom-pedro", "aquamarine-dom-pedro-collection" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-history", "aquamarine-birthstone" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "aquamarine-dom-pedro", "aquamarine-dom-pedro-collection" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral variety", "Composition": "Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈", "Mohs hardness": "7.5–8", "Colours": "blue, greenish blue" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-overview", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-overview", "title": "Aquamarine: gem encyclopedia", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/aquamarine", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Beryl identity, formula and physical properties.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-description", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-description", "title": "Aquamarine: Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/aquamarine-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Material identity and appearance; no specimen authentication.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-history", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-history", "title": "Aquamarine: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/aquamarine-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Documented historical context; legends remain beliefs, not verified powers or discovery records.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-care", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-care", "title": "Aquamarine: Care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/aquamarine-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General material guidance; individual condition, treatment and setting still require inspection.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/march-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-quality", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-quality", "title": "Aquamarine: Quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/aquamarine-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Appearance and cutting considerations; no price or grade assigned to an unseen stone.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-colour-research", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-colour-research", "title": "Color Characteristics of Blue to Yellow Beryl from Multiple Origins", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2020-color-characteristics-blue-to-yellow-beryl", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2020 original research: iron-related absorption, variety distinctions and interactions with structure; not an individual photo identification.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-geology", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-geology", "title": "Gems and Minerals: Beauties and Building Blocks", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-resources/earth-science/gems-and-minerals-beauties-and-building-blocks", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Geological formation and different requirements among beryl varieties; not all pegmatites contain gem beryl.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-birthstone", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-birthstone", "title": "March birthstones: aquamarine", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/march-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Brazilian and Pakistani source settings; selected other countries; 1936 Roosevelt gift. Cultural protective claims are treated as lore.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-dom-pedro", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-dom-pedro", "title": "Smithsonian to display the Dom Pedro Aquamarine", "url": "https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-display-world-s-largest-cut-aquamarine-dom-pedro", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Institutional release dated 3 December 2012: late-1980s Brazilian pegmatite source, Munsteiner’s negative cuts, donors and 6 December display opening. Used for object history rather than weight.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-aquamarine::aquamarine-dom-pedro-collection", "article_id": "gem-aquamarine", "id": "aquamarine-dom-pedro-collection", "title": "Dom Pedro Aquamarine: NMNH G10690", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026429", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Live collection record: Minas Gerais origin, Munsteiner attribution, rear cuts, donors and 2011 gift. Display opening is separately documented by the 2012 release.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-morganite", "name": "Morganite", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Beryl", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-morganite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-morganite.html" ], "word_count": 758, "summary": "Morganite is the pink to orange-pink variety of beryl.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "morganite-overview", "morganite-museum" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "morganite-overview", "morganite-museum" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "morganite-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "morganite-overview", "morganite-quality" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "morganite-description", "morganite-museum" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "morganite-description", "morganite-museum" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "morganite-quality", "morganite-synthetic-faq", "morganite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "morganite-description", "morganite-museum" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "morganite-quality", "morganite-synthetic-faq", "morganite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "morganite-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "morganite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "morganite-history" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "morganite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "morganite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-morganite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "morganite-quality", "morganite-synthetic-faq", "morganite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral variety", "Composition": "Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈", "Mohs hardness": "7.5–8", "Colours": "pink, peach, orangy pink" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-overview", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-overview", "title": "GIA: Morganite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/morganite", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-description", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-description", "title": "GIA: Morganite description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/morganite-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-history", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-history", "title": "GIA: Morganite history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/morganite-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-care", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-care", "title": "GIA: Morganite care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/morganite-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-quality", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-quality", "title": "GIA: Morganite quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/morganite-quality-factors", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: color, pleochroism, appearance, common heating and its stated non-detectability. Does not establish treatment history of an individual gem.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-synthetic-faq", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-synthetic-faq", "title": "GIA: Is morganite produced synthetically?", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/FAQ/gia-faq-morganite-produced-synthetically", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: synthetic morganite exists and can be separated by laboratory testing. No current production-volume claim is made here.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-morganite::morganite-museum", "article_id": "gem-morganite", "id": "morganite-museum", "title": "Natural History Museum: Bright blue, red and pink minerals (2022)", "url": "https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/march/stunning-blue-red-and-pink-minerals-on-display-at-Museum.html", "publisher": "Natural History Museum, London", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: beryl identity and chemistry, pegmatite association, and the museum’s Urucum specimen. Broad first-discovery wording is not used to assign a discoverer.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-alexandrite", "name": "Alexandrite", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Chrysoberyl", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-alexandrite", "alexandrite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-alexandrite.html", "reference-alexandrite.html" ], "word_count": 1109, "summary": "Alexandrite is a color-change variety of chrysoberyl.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-overview", "alexandrite-description" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-overview", "alexandrite-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-care" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-C" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-description" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "light", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-D" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "colour", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-D" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "colour-0", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-D" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "colour-1", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-D" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "colour-2", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-D" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "geography", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-H", "alexandrite-collection" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "geography", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-H", "alexandrite-collection" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-care", "general-treatments" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "geography", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-H", "alexandrite-collection" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-care" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-C" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "discovery-evidence", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-H" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "read", "source_ids": [] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-care", "general-treatments" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "discovery-evidence", "source_ids": [ "alexandrite-H" ] }, { "article_id": "alexandrite", "section_id": "read", "source_ids": [] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral variety", "Composition": "BeAl₂O₄", "Mohs hardness": "8.5", "Colours": "green, bluish green, purplish red, brownish red" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-alexandrite::alexandrite-overview", "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-overview", "title": "GIA: Alexandrite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-alexandrite::alexandrite-description", "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-description", "title": "GIA: Alexandrite description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-alexandrite::alexandrite-history", "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-history", "title": "GIA: Alexandrite history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-alexandrite::alexandrite-care", "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-care", "title": "GIA: Alexandrite care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-alexandrite::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-alexandrite", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::alexandrite-C", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-C", "title": "Alexandrite: Care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Care and cleaning; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::alexandrite-D", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-D", "title": "Alexandrite: Material description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Material description; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::alexandrite-H", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-H", "title": "Alexandrite: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "History and lore; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::alexandrite-collection", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-collection", "title": "Alexandrites in the National Gem Collection", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002786", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Russian and Sri Lankan examples and colour behaviour; conflicting table/prose weights deliberately omitted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::alexandrite-main", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "alexandrite-main", "title": "Alexandrite: gem encyclopedia", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Colour-change chrysoberyl and material identity.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::photo-alexandrite-pair", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "photo-alexandrite-pair", "title": "Alexandrite under two light sources — photograph record", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexandrite_26.75cts.jpg", "publisher": "David Weinberg / Alexandrite.net / Wikimedia Commons", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "A 26.75-carat cushion-cut alexandrite shown in daylight and incandescent light in the source record. This is a photographic pair, not an interface recolouring. Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "alexandrite::photo-alexandrite-rough", "article_id": "alexandrite", "id": "photo-alexandrite-rough", "title": "Brazilian alexandrite crystal, two views — photograph record", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexandrite.jpg", "publisher": "Vzb83 / Wikimedia Commons", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Brazilian alexandrite crystal. The source labels the left image daylight and the right fluorescent light; those labels are retained without silently substituting incandescent. Licence: CC BY-SA 2.5", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-garnet", "name": "Garnet", "entity_type": "group", "kind": "material", "family": "Garnet", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-garnet" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-garnet.html" ], "word_count": 965, "summary": "A family of reds, oranges and greens whose tiny crystals can reveal very long journeys.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "garnet-description", "garnet-quality" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "garnet-description", "garnet-quality" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "garnet-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "garnet-description", "garnet-quality" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "garnet-tanzania" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "geology", "source_ids": [ "garnet-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "garnet-birthstone", "garnet-sutton-hoo" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "garnet-birthstone", "garnet-sutton-hoo" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "garnet-birthstone", "garnet-care" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "garnet-birthstone", "garnet-sutton-hoo" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "garnet-birthstone", "garnet-care" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "garnet-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "garnet-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "garnet-sutton-hoo" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "garnet-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-garnet", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "garnet-sutton-hoo" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral group", "Composition": "Variable across the garnet group; not one fixed composition", "Mohs hardness": "6.5–7.5", "Colours": "red, purple, orange, yellow, green, color change" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-overview", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-overview", "title": "GIA: Garnet", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/garnet", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-description", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-description", "title": "Garnet: Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/garnet-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Material identity and appearance; no specimen authentication.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-history", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-history", "title": "Garnet: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/garnet-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Documented historical context; legends remain beliefs, not verified powers or discovery records.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-care", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-care", "title": "Garnet: Care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/garnet-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General material guidance; individual condition, treatment and setting still require inspection.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-garnet", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-quality", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-quality", "title": "Garnet: Quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/garnet-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Appearance and cutting considerations; no price or grade assigned to an unseen stone.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-tanzania", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-tanzania", "title": "Gems & Gemology, Summer 1992: Gem wealth of Tanzania", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/SU92.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "The Tanzanian-garnet discussion attributes colour differences to iron, manganese, chromium and vanadium; not a chemistry diagnosis from a photograph.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-birthstone", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-birthstone", "title": "January birthstone: garnet", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/january-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Selected source countries and varieties; most garnets untreated, with rare filling.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-garnet::garnet-sutton-hoo", "article_id": "gem-garnet", "id": "garnet-sutton-hoo", "title": "Sri Lanka to Suffolk: Sutton Hoo and the Silk Roads", "url": "https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/silk-roads/sri-lanka-suffolk-sutton-hoo-and-silk-roads", "publisher": "British Museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1939 excavation, cloisonné optics, 2023 analysis of five objects and preliminary source indications. The exhibition mentioned on the source page ended in 2025; no current exhibition promise.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-spinel", "name": "Spinel", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Spinel", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-spinel", "spinel" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-spinel.html", "reference-spinel.html" ], "word_count": 1153, "summary": "Gem spinel belongs to a wider mineral group but is a distinct gem identity from ruby.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "spinel-overview", "spinel-description" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "read", "source_ids": [] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "spinel-overview", "spinel-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "spinel-care" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "spinel-C" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "read", "source_ids": [] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "spinel-description" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "colour", "source_ids": [ "spinel-D" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "colour-0", "source_ids": [ "spinel-D" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "colour-1", "source_ids": [ "spinel-D" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "colour-2", "source_ids": [ "spinel-D" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "colour-3", "source_ids": [ "spinel-D" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "sources", "source_ids": [ "spinel-H", "photo-spinel-rough" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "spinel-care", "general-treatments" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "spinel-C" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "spinel-care", "general-treatments" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "spinel-C" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "spinel-care" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "spinel-C" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "spinel-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "spinel-history" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "discovery-evidence", "source_ids": [ "spinel-identification", "spinel-H" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "spinel-identification" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "spinel-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "spinel-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-spinel", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "spinel-care", "general-treatments" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "discovery-evidence", "source_ids": [ "spinel-identification", "spinel-H" ] }, { "article_id": "spinel", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "spinel-identification" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral species", "Composition": "MgAl₂O₄", "Mohs hardness": "8", "Colours": "red, pink, blue, purple, violet, gray" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-spinel::spinel-overview", "article_id": "gem-spinel", "id": "spinel-overview", "title": "GIA: Spinel", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-spinel::spinel-description", "article_id": "gem-spinel", "id": "spinel-description", "title": "GIA: Spinel description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-spinel::spinel-history", "article_id": "gem-spinel", "id": "spinel-history", "title": "GIA: Spinel history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-spinel::spinel-care", "article_id": "gem-spinel", "id": "spinel-care", "title": "GIA: Spinel care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-spinel::spinel-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-spinel", "id": "spinel-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/august-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-spinel::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-spinel", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "spinel::photo-spinel-rough", "article_id": "spinel", "id": "photo-spinel-rough", "title": "Spinel crystal, Hunan — photograph record", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinel_1.jpg", "publisher": "Géry Parent / Wikimedia Commons", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Purple spinel crystal from Xianghualing, Hunan, China, as recorded by the photographer. Separate specimen from the red cut spinel. Licence: CC0 1.0", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "spinel::spinel-C", "article_id": "spinel", "id": "spinel-C", "title": "Spinel: Care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Care and cleaning; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "spinel::spinel-D", "article_id": "spinel", "id": "spinel-D", "title": "Spinel: Material description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Material description; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "spinel::spinel-H", "article_id": "spinel", "id": "spinel-H", "title": "Spinel: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-website/spinel-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "History and lore; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "spinel::spinel-Q", "article_id": "spinel", "id": "spinel-Q", "title": "Spinel: Quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/spinel-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Quality factors; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "spinel::spinel-identification", "article_id": "spinel", "id": "spinel-identification", "title": "Historical Reading List: Ruby, Balas Ruby and Spinel", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-website/reading-list-ruby-balas-ruby-spinel", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "1783 Romé de l’Isle distinction using crystal geometry; scientific recognition is not first human discovery.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-tourmaline", "name": "Tourmaline", "entity_type": "group", "kind": "material", "family": "Tourmaline", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; 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Broad mechanisms used without presenting a debated colour-centre theory as settled.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-zircon::zircon-birthstone", "article_id": "gem-zircon", "id": "zircon-birthstone", "title": "December birthstones: zircon", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/december-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Elahera, Harts Range and selected Southeast Asian source contexts.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-zircon::zircon-jack-hills", "article_id": "gem-zircon", "id": "zircon-jack-hills", "title": "Oldest bit of crust firms up idea of a cool early Earth", "url": "https://news.wisc.edu/oldest-bit-of-crust-firms-up-idea-of-a-cool-early-earth/", "publisher": "University of Wisconsin–Madison", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "University research report, 23 February 2014: atom-probe evidence and about 4.4-billion-year crystallization age for a studied Jack Hills grain. 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beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "tanzanite::tanzanite-D", "article_id": "tanzanite", "id": "tanzanite-D", "title": "Tanzanite: Material description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/tanzanite-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Material description; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "tanzanite::tanzanite-H", "article_id": "tanzanite", "id": "tanzanite-H", "title": "Tanzanite: History and lore", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/tanzanite-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "History and lore; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "tanzanite::tanzanite-large", "article_id": "tanzanite", "id": "tanzanite-large", "title": "Tanzanite in the National Gem Collection", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026942", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "1968 marketing name and a 351.91-carat specimen donated in 2022; collection record, not a world record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "tanzanite::tanzanite-main", "article_id": "tanzanite", "id": "tanzanite-main", "title": "Tanzanite: gem encyclopedia", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/tanzanite", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "GIA credits Ali Juuyawatu for the 1967 find; identification, properties and geographic context.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "tanzanite::tanzanite-ring", "article_id": "tanzanite", "id": "tanzanite-ring", "title": "Schneider Tanzanite Ring", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/object/nmnhmineralsciences_1000172", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "12.11-carat tanzanite ring, photographer and CC0 collection media record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-opal", "name": "Opal", "entity_type": "mineraloid", "kind": "material", "family": "Opal", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; 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Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-overview", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-overview", "title": "GIA: Opal", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-description", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-description", "title": "GIA: Opal description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-history", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-history", "title": "GIA: Opal history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-care", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-care", "title": "GIA: Opal care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/october-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-geoscience", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-geoscience", "title": "Geoscience Australia: Opal", "url": "https://www.ga.gov.au/education/minerals-energy/australian-mineral-facts/opal", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: geology, history", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-quality", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-quality", "title": "GIA: Opal Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-quality-factor", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-eric", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-eric", "title": "Australian Museum: What was Eric’s last supper?", "url": "https://australian.museum/blog/amri-news/what-was-erics-last-supper/", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: discovery", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-hydrophane", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-hydrophane", "title": "GIA: A Useful Technique to Confirm the Hydrophane Nature of Opal", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fa13-ln-technique-hydrophane-opal", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: origins-reading, care", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-manufactured", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-manufactured", "title": "GIA: Winter 1998 Gems & Gemology, polymer-impregnated synthetic opal observations", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN98.pdf", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-opal::opal-imitation", "article_id": "gem-opal", "id": "opal-imitation", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Simulants or Imitation Gem Materials", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-imitation", "publisher": "Primary source", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-C", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-C", "title": "Opal: Care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Care and cleaning; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-D", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-D", "title": "Opal: Material description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Material description; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-H", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-H", "title": "Opal: History and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "History and lore; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-Q", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-Q", "title": "Opal: Quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/opal-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Quality factors; beliefs reported in history sections are not scientific claims.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-collection", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-collection", "title": "Australian Museum opal collection", "url": "https://australian.museum/publications/minerals/opal-collection/", "publisher": "Australian Museum", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "European material in 1861, Queensland donation in 1873 and collection history; these dates are not first human discoveries.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-eric", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-eric", "title": "A national treasure", "url": "https://australian.museum/blog/museullaneous/a-national-treasure/", "publisher": "Australian Museum", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Opalised marine reptile found in 1987 near Coober Pedy; Eric is the nickname of the fossil, not a gem variety.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::opal-museum", "article_id": "opal", "id": "opal-museum", "title": "Opal", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/gemstones/opal/", "publisher": "Australian Museum", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Silica structure, play-of-colour, Australian localities; no current share-of-supply claim used.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::photo-opal-boulder", "article_id": "opal", "id": "photo-opal-boulder", "title": "Boulder opal, Winton — photograph record", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boulderopal.JPG", "publisher": "LZ6387 / Wikimedia Commons", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "Boulder opal from Winton, Queensland, with a wavy pattern, according to its photograph record. The retained rock is part of this natural specimen. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "opal::photo-opal-water", "article_id": "opal", "id": "photo-opal-water", "title": "Cabochon-cut water opal — photograph record", "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabochon-cut_water_opal_3.jpg", "publisher": "W.carter / Wikimedia Commons", "checked": "2026-10-01", "limits": "A cabochon labelled water opal in the photographer’s record. Photographed in Sweden; geological origin is not reported. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-jade", "name": "Jade", "entity_type": "material umbrella", "kind": "material", "family": "Jadeite / nephrite", "aliases": [ "jadeite (constituent material)", "nephrite (constituent material)" ], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-jade" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-jade.html" ], "word_count": 923, "summary": "Jade rewards a closer look at how mineral grains, cultural names and the carver’s choices fit together.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "jade-description" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "jade-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "jade-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "jade-description", "jade-quality" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "jade-guatemala", "jade-nephrite-sources" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "geology", "source_ids": [ "jade-metamorphism" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "jade-guatemala", "jade-nephrite-sources" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "jade-guatemala", "jade-nephrite-sources" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "jade-buyers", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "jade-guatemala", "jade-nephrite-sources" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "jade-buyers", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "jade-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "jade-met-bi", "jade-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "jade-damour" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "jade-met-bi", "jade-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-jade", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "jade-damour" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "polycrystalline gem material", "Composition": "Jadeite: NaAlSi₂O₆; nephrite: calcium magnesium-iron amphibole aggregate", "Mohs hardness": "Jadeite 6.5–7; nephrite 6–6.5", "Colours": "green, white, lavender, yellow, black, orange" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-overview", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-overview", "title": "Jade: Overview", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/jade", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-description", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-description", "title": "Jade: Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/jade-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-history", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-history", "title": "Jade: History and Lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/jade-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Broad history; late-eighteenth-century jadeite prominence is not treated as first-ever Chinese contact.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-care", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-care", "title": "Jade Care and Cleaning Guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/jade-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/SP00.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-quality", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-quality", "title": "Jadeite Jade Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/jade-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-metamorphism", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-metamorphism", "title": "Gems Formed in Metamorphic Rocks", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2023-colored-stones-unearthed0", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2023 geological review; jadeite and nephrite formation are different.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jade::jade-met-bi", "article_id": "gem-jade", "id": "jade-met-bi", "title": "Annular disk (bi), object 17.118.43", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/49371", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Catalogue dates and material; 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Paul Getty Museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Baltic sources and redeposition; historical overview, not a current mining inventory.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amber::amber-quality", "article_id": "gem-amber", "id": "amber-quality", "title": "Amber Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amber-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Appearance modification; no market valuation or treatment determination for an individual specimen.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amber::amber-forgery", "article_id": "gem-amber", "id": "amber-forgery", "title": "Amber and Forgery", "url": "https://www.getty.edu/publications/ambers/intro/10/", "publisher": "J. 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Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-overview", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-overview", "title": "Amethyst: Overview", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amethyst", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-description", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-description", "title": "Amethyst: Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amethyst-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-history", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-history", "title": "Amethyst: History and Lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amethyst-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Beliefs are recorded as beliefs, not demonstrated powers.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-care", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-care", "title": "Amethyst Care and Cleaning Guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amethyst-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN88.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-quality", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-quality", "title": "Amethyst: Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amethyst-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-february", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-february", "title": "February Birthstone: Amethyst", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/february-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for geodes, sources, synthetic availability and nineteenth-century supply change; mine-discovery romance is not used as fact.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-buyers", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-buyers", "title": "Amethyst: Buyer’s Guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/amethyst/buyers-guide", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "No standard AAA quality scale; geography does not establish individual quality.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-brazil-study", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-brazil-study", "title": "Amethyst Mining in Brazil", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1988-brazil-amethyst-epstein", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1988 primary field study; historical observed environments and treatment practices, not present production ranking.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-met-scarab", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-met-scarab", "title": "Scarab, object 22.1.272", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545088", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Catalogue date ca. 1981–1950 BCE; excavation context and material. Symbolic interpretation remains qualified.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amethyst::amethyst-synthesis", "article_id": "gem-amethyst", "id": "amethyst-synthesis", "title": "Laboratory Growth of Gem Materials and the Attempt to Replicate Nature", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2024-colored-stones-unearthed", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2024 geological/laboratory-growth review; supports synthetic quartz and limits of identification.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-citrine", "name": "Citrine", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-citrine" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-citrine.html" ], "word_count": 947, "summary": "Yellow quartz invites a clear distinction between the mineral’s growth, its colour history and its later life in jewellery.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "citrine-description", "citrine-overview" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "citrine-description", "citrine-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "citrine-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "geology", "source_ids": [ "citrine-natural-colour-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "citrine-buyers" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november", "citrine-brazil-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "citrine-care" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "geology", "source_ids": [ "citrine-natural-colour-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november", "citrine-brazil-study" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november", "citrine-brazil-study" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november", "citrine-brazil-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "citrine-buyers", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "geology", "source_ids": [ "citrine-natural-colour-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "origins-reading", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november", "citrine-brazil-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "citrine-buyers", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "citrine-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "citrine-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "object-story", "source_ids": [ "citrine-scotland" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "citrine-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "object-story", "source_ids": [ "citrine-scotland" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-citrine", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "citrine-november" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral variety", "Composition": "SiO₂", "Mohs hardness": "7", "Colours": "yellow, orange, brownish orange" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-overview", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-overview", "title": "Citrine: Overview", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/citrine", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-description", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-description", "title": "Citrine: Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/citrine-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-history", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-history", "title": "Citrine: History and Lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/citrine-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Victorian examples; 1860s attribution remains tentative. Ancient quartz is not automatically ancient citrine.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-care", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-care", "title": "Citrine: Care and Cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/citrine-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-origin-4", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-origin-4", "title": "Source locality reference", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN88.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Supports: origins", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational context only; no identification, valuation or provenance opinion about an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-buyers", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-buyers", "title": "Citrine: Buyer’s Guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/citrine/buyers-guide", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Appearance, heated amethyst and laboratory-grown citrine; no image-only authentication.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-natural-colour-study", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-natural-colour-study", "title": "The Natural Formation and Occurrence of Green Quartz", "url": "https://my.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1982-quartz-formation-paradise", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1982 local formation model also addresses citrine; proposed later volcanic heating is not asserted as universal.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-brazil-study", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-brazil-study", "title": "Amethyst Mining in Brazil", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1988-brazil-amethyst-epstein", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1988 primary field study includes heating of Brazilian amethyst; not a current production estimate.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-scotland", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-scotland", "title": "Geology to Jewellery: The History and Science of Cairngorm Quartz", "url": "https://www.nms.ac.uk/discover-catalogue/geology-to-jewellery-the-history-and-science-of-cairngorm-quartz", "publisher": "National Museums Scotland", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Scottish quartz collection and jewellery history; Cairngorm is not used as an exact synonym for citrine, and Scottish style does not prove geological origin.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::citrine-november", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "citrine-november", "title": "November Birthstones: Topaz and Citrine", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/november-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Representative sources, name and quartz/topaz distinction; romantic Anahí discovery narrative is not adopted as verified history.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::quartz-synthetics", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "quartz-synthetics", "title": "An Introduction to Synthetic Gem Materials", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-synthetic", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for material definitions, not an identification opinion about an unseen gem.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-citrine::ametrine-overview", "article_id": "gem-citrine", "id": "ametrine-overview", "title": "Ametrine: Overview", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ametrine", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for material definitions, not an identification opinion about an unseen gem.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-ametrine", "name": "Ametrine", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-ametrine" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-ametrine.html" ], "word_count": 737, "summary": "Ametrine is quartz with contrasting amethyst-like purple and citrine-like yellow-to-orange zones in one gem.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-overview", "ametrine-description" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-overview", "ametrine-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-description", "ametrine-quality" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-overview", "ametrine-mine-study" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-overview", "ametrine-mine-study" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-synthetic-study", "ametrine-mine-study", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-overview", "ametrine-mine-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-synthetic-study", "ametrine-mine-study", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-history", "ametrine-mine-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-mine-study" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-history", "ametrine-mine-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-mine-study" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "ametrine-synthetic-study", "ametrine-mine-study", "general-treatments" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "bicolored mineral variety", "Composition": "SiO₂", "Mohs hardness": "7", "Colours": "purple and yellow, purple and orange" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-overview", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-overview", "title": "GIA: Ametrine", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ametrine", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-description", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-description", "title": "GIA: Ametrine description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ametrine-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-history", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-history", "title": "GIA: Ametrine history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ametrine-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-care", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-care", "title": "GIA: Ametrine care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ametrine-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-quality", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-quality", "title": "GIA: Ametrine quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ametrine-quality-factors", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, cutting choices, eye-clean definition. Does not authenticate an individual stone.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-mine-study", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-mine-study", "title": "Gems & Gemology: The Anahí Ametrine Mine, Bolivia (1994)", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/the-anahi-ametrine-mine-bolivia.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: field-confirmed natural occurrence, deposit geology, historical treatment experiments. Historic study; not current production or access advice.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-synthetic-study", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-synthetic-study", "title": "Gems & Gemology: Russian Synthetic Ametrine (1999)", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Russian-Synthetic-Ametrine.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: documented hydrothermal synthesis and need for combined identification evidence. Does not quantify present-day market prevalence.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ametrine::ametrine-optics", "article_id": "gem-ametrine", "id": "ametrine-optics", "title": "Gems & Gemology: Ametrine Optical Dishes (2017)", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2017-microworld-ametrine-optical-dishes-windows-effects-crystal-structure", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: sectoral color zoning and relation to crystal structure. Specialized study; no simple visual natural-origin test.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "name": "Rose Quartz", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-rose-quartz" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-rose-quartz.html" ], "word_count": 747, "summary": "Rose quartz is the familiar pink, usually cloudy variety of quartz.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-overview", "rose-quartz-description" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-overview", "rose-quartz-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-care", "rose-quartz-buyers-guide", "rose-quartz-optical-review" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-quality", "rose-quartz-overview" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-description" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-description" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-care", "general-treatments", "rose-quartz-buyers-guide" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-care", "general-treatments", "rose-quartz-buyers-guide" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-care", "rose-quartz-buyers-guide", "rose-quartz-optical-review" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-history", "rose-quartz-museum-necklace" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-history", "rose-quartz-description", "rose-quartz-optical-review" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-history", "rose-quartz-museum-necklace" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-history", "rose-quartz-description", "rose-quartz-optical-review" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "rose-quartz-care", "general-treatments", "rose-quartz-buyers-guide" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral variety", "Composition": "SiO₂", "Mohs hardness": "7", "Colours": "pale pink, pink" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-overview", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-overview", "title": "GIA: Rose Quartz", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/rose-quartz", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-description", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-description", "title": "GIA: Rose Quartz description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/rose-quartz-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-history", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-history", "title": "GIA: Rose Quartz history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/rose-quartz-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-care", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-care", "title": "GIA: Rose Quartz care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/rose-quartz-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-quality", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-quality", "title": "GIA: Rose Quartz quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/rose-quartz-quality-factors", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: color range, zoning, inclusions, cutting and asterism.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-museum-necklace", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-museum-necklace", "title": "British Museum: Necklace and pendants, 2014,8024.443.a-d", "url": "https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_2014-8024-443-a-d?selectedImageId=1613200478", "publisher": "British Museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: named designer, manufacturer, materials, 1961 date and Copenhagen workshop. Does not establish the stone’s geological source.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-optical-review", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-optical-review", "title": "Gems & Gemology: Structures Behind the Spectacle (2025)", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: distinction between massive rose quartz and euhedral pink quartz, asterism and different color stability. Mechanisms remain an active research topic.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rose-quartz::rose-quartz-buyers-guide", "article_id": "gem-rose-quartz", "id": "rose-quartz-buyers-guide", "title": "GIA: Rose Quartz buyer’s guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/rose-quartz/buyers-guide", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identification-report scope, occasional irradiation and handling guidance. Does not guarantee detection of all treatments.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-moonstone", "name": "Moonstone", "entity_type": "optical material topic", "kind": "material", "family": "Feldspar", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-moonstone" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-moonstone.html" ], "word_count": 725, "summary": "Moonstone is a feldspar gem defined by a floating sheen called adularescence.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-description" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-quality" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-geography", "moonstone-description" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-geography", "moonstone-description" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-glass-doublet", "moonstone-assemblage" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-geography", "moonstone-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-glass-doublet", "moonstone-assemblage" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-history" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "moonstone-history" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "phenomenal gem variety", "Composition": "Feldspar compositions; classic material includes orthoclase and albite", "Mohs hardness": "6–6.5", "Colours": "white, colorless, gray, peach, blue sheen" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-overview", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-overview", "title": "GIA: Moonstone", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/moonstone", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-description", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-description", "title": "GIA: Moonstone description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/moonstone-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-history", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-history", "title": "GIA: Moonstone history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/moonstone-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-care", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-care", "title": "GIA: Moonstone care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/moonstone-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-quality", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-quality", "title": "GIA: Moonstone quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/moonstone-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Bodycolor, sheen, cutting and inclusions; commercial value commentary is not reproduced.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-geography", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-geography", "title": "GIA: June birthstones", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/june-birthstones", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Moonstone subsection supports selected sources and documented historical use; other birthstones are outside this entry.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-assemblage", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-assemblage", "title": "GIA: Imitation rainbow moonstone assemblage", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fa13-ln-imitation-moonstone-assemblage", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2013 laboratory report of four assembled imitations; not a prevalence estimate.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-moonstone::moonstone-glass-doublet", "article_id": "gem-moonstone", "id": "moonstone-glass-doublet", "title": "GIA: A convincing moonstone doublet, Spring 2006 Gems & Gemology", "url": "https://cms.gia.edu/dam/jcr%3A217a18eb-d2ee-4b15-8adc-1815c97152a3/SP06.pdf", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Indexed primary journal passage, page 76, describes one glass/feldspar doublet; not a prevalence estimate.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-sunstone", "name": "Sunstone", "entity_type": "optical material topic", "kind": "material", "family": "Feldspar", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-sunstone" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-sunstone.html" ], "word_count": 802, "summary": "Sunstone is an appearance-based gem name used for more than one feldspar material.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-overview" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-quality" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-oregon-geology", "sunstone-description" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-oregon-geology", "sunstone-description" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-identification", "sunstone-care" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-oregon-geology", "sunstone-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-identification", "sunstone-care" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-history" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "sunstone-history" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "gem variety across feldspars", "Composition": "Variable feldspar compositions, including potassium and plagioclase feldspars", "Mohs hardness": "6.5–7.2", "Colours": "orange, red, gold, green, colorless" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-overview", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-overview", "title": "GIA: Sunstone", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sunstone", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-description", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-description", "title": "GIA: Sunstone description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sunstone-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-history", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-history", "title": "GIA: Sunstone history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sunstone-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-care", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-care", "title": "GIA: Sunstone care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sunstone-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-quality", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-quality", "title": "GIA: Sunstone quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sunstone-quality-factors", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Colors, inclusions and cutting; no price or investment conclusions.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-identification", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-identification", "title": "GIA: Sunstone buyers guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/sunstone/buyers-guide", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Goldstone glass imitation, treatment distinction and identification-report scope.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sunstone::sunstone-oregon-geology", "article_id": "gem-sunstone", "id": "sunstone-oregon-geology", "title": "Oregon DOGAMI: Fossils, minerals and gems", "url": "https://www.oregon.gov/dogami/learnmore/Pages/fossilsmineralsgems.aspx", "publisher": "Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Oregon sunstone geology and state-gemstone context; collecting directions are not included.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-iolite", "name": "Iolite", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Cordierite", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-iolite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-iolite.html" ], "word_count": 792, "summary": "Iolite is gem cordierite, a silicate with conspicuous pleochroism.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "iolite-overview" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "iolite-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "iolite-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "iolite-quality" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "inclusions", "source_ids": [ "iolite-quality" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "iolite-geology", "iolite-description" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "iolite-geology", "iolite-description" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "iolite-care", "iolite-description" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "iolite-geology", "iolite-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "iolite-care", "iolite-description" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "iolite-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "iolite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "iolite-description", "iolite-geology" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "iolite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-iolite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "iolite-description", "iolite-geology" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "gem variety", "Composition": "Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈, with compositional substitutions", "Mohs hardness": "7–7.5", "Colours": "violet-blue, blue-gray" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::iolite-overview", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "iolite-overview", "title": "GIA: Iolite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/iolite", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: identity, properties", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::iolite-description", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "iolite-description", "title": "GIA: Iolite description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/iolite-description", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: appearance, identity", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::iolite-history", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "iolite-history", "title": "GIA: Iolite history and lore", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/iolite-history-lore", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: history, discoveryContext", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::iolite-care", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "iolite-care", "title": "GIA: Iolite care and cleaning", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/iolite-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: care, treatments, hardness", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::general-treatments", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "general-treatments", "title": "GIA: Introduction to gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Supports: treatments", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::iolite-quality", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "iolite-quality", "title": "GIA: Iolite quality factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/iolite-quality-factors", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Directional colors, cutting and inclusion-related phenomena; market-value commentary omitted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-iolite::iolite-geology", "article_id": "gem-iolite", "id": "iolite-geology", "title": "GIA: Iolite from the Thor-Odin Dome, British Columbia", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2023-british-columbian-iolite", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2023 geological and gemological study; local findings are not attributed to all iolite deposits.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-kunzite", "name": "Kunzite", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Spodumene", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-kunzite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-kunzite.html" ], "word_count": 786, "summary": "Kunzite is pink to violet spodumene.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-overview" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-care" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-quality", "kunzite-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-description" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-description" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-description" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "treatments", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-care", "general-treatments" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "cutting-story", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-cut-study" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "history", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "discovery", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-history" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-kunzite", "section_id": "cutting-story", "source_ids": [ "kunzite-cut-study" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "mineral variety", "Composition": "LiAlSi₂O₆", "Mohs hardness": "6.5–7", "Colours": "pink, violetish pink, purple" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. 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Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::source-2", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "source-2", "title": "Natural History Museum: Jubilee agate", "url": "https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/june/jubilee-agate--a-royal-piece-of-quartz.html", "publisher": "nhm.ac.uk", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum account of one specimen; its formation explanation is qualified and its collecting dates do not establish a discovery date for agate. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::source-3", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "source-3", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment?lang=en", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General treatment mechanisms and conservative care; not proof of treatment in an individual stone or a current prevalence audit. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::source-4", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "source-4", "title": "GIA: August Birthstones, sardonyx care", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/birthstones/august-birthstones", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Sardonyx/chalcedony property and care context only. The onyx text explicitly avoids assigning sardonyx occurrences as the origin of an unknown black jewel. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::source-5", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "source-5", "title": "International Colored Gemstone Association: Chalcedony", "url": "https://www.gemstone.org/chalcedony", "publisher": "gemstone.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Trade-association material used only for aggregate terminology and the 6.5–7 Mohs range. Its folklore, medical implications, fashion claims and sapphire durability comparison are not adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::source-6", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "source-6", "title": "GIA: Phenomenal gemstones, agate structure", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Research review of structures and optics; not visual authentication or an origin report. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::source-7", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "source-7", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-agate::agate-optics-current", "article_id": "gem-agate", "id": "agate-optics-current", "title": "GIA: Structures Behind the Spectacle, iris agate and fire agate", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2025 research review; used for silica texture and iris-agate optics, not a universal formation sequence or a treatment diagnosis. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-carnelian", "name": "Carnelian", "entity_type": "microcrystalline material", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz / chalcedony", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-carnelian" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-carnelian.html" ], "word_count": 725, "summary": "Translucent orange-to-red chalcedony with a long history of beadmaking and deliberate color enhancement.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-2", "source-6" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-2" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-3", "source-5" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-2", "source-6" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::source-1", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "source-1", "title": "Australian Museum: Quartz", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/gemstones/quartz/", "publisher": "australian.museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum overview used for silica-family descriptions, basic physical properties and recorded occurrences. A listed occurrence is not specimen provenance. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::source-2", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "source-2", "title": "GIA: August Birthstones, sardonyx care", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/birthstones/august-birthstones", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Sardonyx/chalcedony property and care context only. The onyx text explicitly avoids assigning sardonyx occurrences as the origin of an unknown black jewel. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::source-3", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "source-3", "title": "British Museum: Etching carnelian beads", "url": "https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/etching-carnelian-beads-understanding-and-reproducing-ancestral-technique", "publisher": "britishmuseum.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Direct open returned 403. The official indexed page supplied the article text, including its experimental limits.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::source-4", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "source-4", "title": "GIA: Fall 1999 treatment review", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/FA99.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Direct open returned 404. Official indexed PDF text supplied the relevant treatment table; no current prevalence claim is adopted.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::source-5", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "source-5", "title": "Kenoyer: Carnelian Bead Production in Khambhat, India", "url": "https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1994_Carnelian%20Bead%20Production%20in%20Khambhat%20India%20An%20E.pdf", "publisher": "harappa.com", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Primary archaeological/ethnographic paper retrieved as an image-based PDF. Used for the established Khambhat manufacturing-study context, not a new process recipe or an unverified quotation. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::source-6", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "source-6", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-carnelian::etching-research", "article_id": "gem-carnelian", "id": "etching-research", "title": "British Museum research: Scientific study of the etching process used on ancient carnelian beads", "url": "https://britishmuseum.iro.bl.uk/entities/publication/96f26293-c992-40ad-8ba1-d29f2c49ce86", "publisher": "britishmuseum.iro.bl.uk", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2020 research abstract; controlled experiments inform manufacturing interpretation and do not authenticate an unprovenanced bead. Official institutional research-repository abstract retrieved through search. The proposed pore-scattering mechanism is described as the study’s interpretation.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "name": "Chrysoprase", "entity_type": "microcrystalline material", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz / chalcedony", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-chrysoprase" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-chrysoprase.html" ], "word_count": 737, "summary": "Nickel-colored green chalcedony, often prized for an even translucent glow.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-3" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-5", "source-7" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "self-check", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "haneti-study", "source-5" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-3" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-5", "source-7" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "self-check", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "haneti-study", "source-5" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-2", "haneti-study" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-2", "haneti-study" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-1", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-1", "title": "GIA: New Chrysoprase Production from Western Australia", "url": "https://my.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2026-gemnews-new-chrysoprase-production-australia", "publisher": "my.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Laboratory measurements concern the submitted suite; reported discovery and locality information are attributed, not independently certified for every market stone. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-2", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-2", "title": "GIA: Brazilian chrysoprase, Summer 1990", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/SU90.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Direct open returned 404. Official indexed PDF text supplied the Brazilian chrysoprase note and its supplier-attributed origin.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-3", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-3", "title": "GIA: Chrysoprase inclusions, Spring 2009", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/SP09.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Direct open returned 404. Official indexed PDF text supplied the dendritic chrysoprase note and its analytical evidence.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-4", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-4", "title": "GIA: Tanzanian chrysoprase and prase opal, Winter 2009", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN09.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Legacy bibliography retained. Direct open failed; the relevant Haneti study is now cited through its retrieved article page.", "review_status": "retained_legacy_binding", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-5", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-5", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment?lang=en", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General treatment mechanisms and conservative care; not proof of treatment in an individual stone or a current prevalence audit. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-6", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-6", "title": "International Colored Gemstone Association: Chalcedony", "url": "https://www.gemstone.org/chalcedony", "publisher": "gemstone.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Trade-association material used only for aggregate terminology and the 6.5–7 Mohs range. Its folklore, medical implications, fashion claims and sapphire durability comparison are not adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::source-7", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "source-7", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-chrysoprase::haneti-study", "article_id": "gem-chrysoprase", "id": "haneti-study", "title": "GIA: Chrysoprase and Prase Opal from Haneti, Central Tanzania", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2009-chrysoprase-prase-opal-shigley", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2009 field and laboratory study; property differences apply to the studied materials. Historical mine activity is not presented as current production. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-onyx", "name": "Onyx", "entity_type": "microcrystalline material", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz / chalcedony", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-onyx" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-onyx.html" ], "word_count": 745, "summary": "A chalcedony name that connects layered cameos with the polished black surfaces of modern jewelry.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_ids": [ "section-1" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-3", "onyx-marble-getty" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-3", "source-4", "source-6" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-3", "onyx-marble-getty" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-4" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-3", "source-4", "source-6" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-3", "source-4", "source-6" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-4" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-4" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-3", "source-4", "source-6" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-onyx", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-3", "source-4", "source-6" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::source-1", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "source-1", "title": "GIA: Onyx and anniversary gemstones", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/wedding-anniversary-gemstone-years-one-through-ten/", "publisher": "4cs.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for onyx naming and common treatment context. No folklore or absolute individual treatment conclusion is adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::source-2", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "source-2", "title": "British Museum: Roman onyx cameo, 1889,0517.3", "url": "https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1889-0517-3", "publisher": "britishmuseum.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Direct open failed. Official indexed object record verified date, dimensions, subject and museum number.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::source-3", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "source-3", "title": "GIA: August Birthstones, sardonyx care", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/birthstones/august-birthstones", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Sardonyx/chalcedony property and care context only. The onyx text explicitly avoids assigning sardonyx occurrences as the origin of an unknown black jewel. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::source-4", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "source-4", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment?lang=en", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General treatment mechanisms and conservative care; not proof of treatment in an individual stone or a current prevalence audit. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::source-5", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "source-5", "title": "International Colored Gemstone Association: Chalcedony", "url": "https://www.gemstone.org/chalcedony", "publisher": "gemstone.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Trade-association material used only for aggregate terminology and the 6.5–7 Mohs range. Its folklore, medical implications, fashion claims and sapphire durability comparison are not adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::source-6", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "source-6", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-onyx::onyx-marble-getty", "article_id": "gem-onyx", "id": "onyx-marble-getty", "title": "Getty Research Institute: onyx marble, Art & Architecture Thesaurus", "url": "https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=gold&logic=AND¬e=&subjectid=300011337", "publisher": "www.getty.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Terminology record for calcite-based onyx marble; not a gem-quartz property source or an identification of a particular object. Direct open failed. Official indexed thesaurus record verified the calcite definition.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-jasper", "name": "Jasper", "entity_type": "rock / aggregate", "kind": "material", "family": "Microcrystalline quartz with other constituents", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-jasper" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-jasper.html" ], "word_count": 760, "summary": "Opaque patterned silica whose trade names need more care than its familiar appearance suggests.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-jasper", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jasper", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "dalmatian-research", "source-6" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jasper", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-4" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "care": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jasper", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-4" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jasper", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "source-4" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-1", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-1", "title": "Australian Museum: Quartz", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/gemstones/quartz/", "publisher": "australian.museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum overview used for silica-family descriptions, basic physical properties and recorded occurrences. A listed occurrence is not specimen provenance. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-2", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-2", "title": "GIA: Fall 2017 research summary and Dalmatian stone", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-press/fall17-gems-and-gemology", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Legacy news-summary binding retained. Direct open failed; the original 2017 Dalmatian-stone research is now cited instead.", "review_status": "retained_legacy_binding", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-3", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-3", "title": "GIA: Bloodstone identity", "url": "https://my.gia.edu/birthstones/march-birthstones", "publisher": "my.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Bloodstone material description; folklore is not represented as a physical effect. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-4", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-4", "title": "The Met: Jasper scarab, 19.3.156", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545636", "publisher": "metmuseum.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Record for jasper scarab 19.3.156. Date and cultural symbolism apply to this object, not all jasper or any claimed medical effect. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-5", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-5", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment?lang=en", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General treatment mechanisms and conservative care; not proof of treatment in an individual stone or a current prevalence audit. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-6", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-6", "title": "International Colored Gemstone Association: Chalcedony", "url": "https://www.gemstone.org/chalcedony", "publisher": "gemstone.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Trade-association material used only for aggregate terminology and the 6.5–7 Mohs range. Its folklore, medical implications, fashion claims and sapphire durability comparison are not adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::source-7", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "source-7", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::dalmatian-research", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "dalmatian-research", "title": "GIA: True Colors of “Dalmatian Jasper”", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2017-dalmatian-jasper", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2017 original mineralogical study of its sample set; uncertain provenance and unresolved intrusive versus extrusive interpretation are retained. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jasper::bloodstone-current", "article_id": "gem-jasper", "id": "bloodstone-current", "title": "GIA: March Birthstones, bloodstone identity and care", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/march-birthstones", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for bloodstone identity; cultural beliefs are not presented as physical or medical effects. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "name": "Rock Crystal", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz", "aliases": [ "colourless quartz" ], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-rock-crystal" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-rock-crystal.html" ], "word_count": 715, "summary": "Colorless quartz valued for transparency, carved volume and the skill required to shape it.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-4", "source-5", "source-7" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "depth-treatment", "source_ids": [ "quartz-treatment" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "depth-treatment", "source_ids": [ "quartz-treatment" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-4", "source-5", "source-7" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "depth-treatment", "source_ids": [ "quartz-treatment" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "source-4", "source-5", "source-7" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "quartz-egg-current", "source-3" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-1", "quartz-egg-current", "source-3" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-1", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-1", "title": "Australian Museum: Quartz", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/gemstones/quartz/", "publisher": "australian.museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum overview used for silica-family descriptions, basic physical properties and recorded occurrences. A listed occurrence is not specimen provenance. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-2", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-2", "title": "Smithsonian: Rock Crystal Quartz Egg", "url": "https://www.naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002794", "publisher": "naturalhistory.si.edu", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Legacy www-host binding retained. Direct open failed; canonical non-www collection URL is added and cited.", "review_status": "retained_legacy_binding", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-3", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-3", "title": "The Met: Rock Crystal Bowl", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/468471", "publisher": "metmuseum.org", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Record for bowl 55.135.8. Ancient belief about snow is labeled historical and is not used as quartz geology. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-4", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-4", "title": "GIA: Synthetic gem materials, quartz", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-synthetic?as_occt=any&channel=aplab&hl=en&safe=active", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for the distinction between synthetic and imitation materials, hydrothermal quartz and its technological motivation. No current legal, supply or pricing conclusions are adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-5", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-5", "title": "GIA: Diamond identification and scratch tests", "url": "https://my.gia.edu/FAQ/gia-faq-about-gemstones-diamond-identification", "publisher": "my.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "GIA warns that glass scratching does not identify diamond and that such testing is destructive; applied to avoid damaging finished quartz objects. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-6", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-6", "title": "Open University: Mineral hardness", "url": "https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/minerals-and-the-crystalline-state/content-section-3.6", "publisher": "open.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational mineral-hardness context. Retained as background rather than encouraging scratch tests on objects. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::source-7", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "source-7", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::quartz-treatment", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "quartz-treatment", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Gem Treatments, quartz coatings and fillings", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment?lang=en", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General treatment mechanisms and conservative care; not proof of treatment in an individual stone or a current prevalence audit. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rock-crystal::quartz-egg-current", "article_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "id": "quartz-egg-current", "title": "Smithsonian: Rock Crystal Quartz Egg, canonical collection record", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002794", "publisher": "naturalhistory.si.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Collection record accessed through indexed text. Its table and narrative disagree on weight; no exact weight is adopted. Official indexed collection record verified cutter, Brazilian origin and internally inconsistent weight fields. The article does not choose an exact weight.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "name": "Smoky Quartz", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-smoky-quartz" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-smoky-quartz.html" ], "word_count": 736, "summary": "Brown-to-gray quartz whose color connects crystal defects, natural radiation and deliberate treatment.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-2", "source-5" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "depth-color", "source_ids": [ "color-centers", "source-2", "quartz-treatment" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "definitions", "source_ids": [ "color-centers", "source-2", "source-5" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "care": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-2", "source-5" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "definitions", "source_ids": [ "color-centers", "source-2", "source-5" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-2", "source-5" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "section_id": "definitions", "source_ids": [ "color-centers", "source-2", "source-5" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-1", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-1", "title": "Australian Museum: Quartz", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/gemstones/quartz/", "publisher": "australian.museum", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum overview used for silica-family descriptions, basic physical properties and recorded occurrences. A listed occurrence is not specimen provenance. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-2", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-2", "title": "National Museums Scotland: Geology to Jewellery", "url": "https://www.nms.ac.uk/discover-catalogue/geology-to-jewellery-the-history-and-science-of-cairngorm-quartz", "publisher": "nms.ac.uk", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum historical and scientific overview; Scottish-style jewelry does not establish Scottish geological provenance. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-3", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-3", "title": "Smithsonian: Smoky-citrine quartz", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026539", "publisher": "naturalhistory.si.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Collection record for smoky-citrine quartz from Minas Gerais. Not a ranking of sources or a report on an unknown gem. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-4", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-4", "title": "Smithsonian historical mineral terminology", "url": "https://repository.si.edu/bitstreams/cef9fa1d-4af8-4b32-99d0-8657203e8c6e/download", "publisher": "repository.si.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Direct open failed. Official indexed historical terminology confirmed smoky topaz as an ambiguous old label. No obsolete physical constants are used.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-5", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-5", "title": "GIA: Synthetic gem materials", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-synthetic?as_occt=any&channel=aplab&hl=en&safe=active", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Used for the distinction between synthetic and imitation materials, hydrothermal quartz and its technological motivation. No current legal, supply or pricing conclusions are adopted. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-6", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-6", "title": "Open University: Mineral hardness", "url": "https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/minerals-and-the-crystalline-state/content-section-3.6", "publisher": "open.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Educational mineral-hardness context. Retained as background rather than encouraging scratch tests on objects. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::source-7", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "source-7", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::color-centers", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "color-centers", "title": "GIA: An Update on Color in Gems, Part 2", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/SP88A1.pdf", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1988 research review; used only for the established aluminum-plus-irradiation color-center explanation, not a modern treatment-detection claim. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-smoky-quartz::quartz-treatment", "article_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "id": "quartz-treatment", "title": "GIA: An Introduction to Gem Treatments, irradiation and thermal sensitivity", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment?lang=en", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "General treatment mechanisms and conservative care; not proof of treatment in an individual stone or a current prevalence audit. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "name": "Cat’s-Eye Chrysoberyl", "entity_type": "optical variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Chrysoberyl", "aliases": [ "cat's-eye chrysoberyl" ], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl.html" ], "word_count": 712, "summary": "An oriented cabochon in which aligned inclusions turn a point of light into a moving bright band.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "synthetic-cats-eye-current", "chrysoberyl-care", "source-7" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "source-2" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "synthetic-cats-eye-current", "chrysoberyl-care", "source-7" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "source-3", "source-4" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "synthetic-cats-eye-current", "chrysoberyl-care", "source-7" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "synthetic-cats-eye-current", "chrysoberyl-care", "source-7" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "synthetic-cats-eye-current", "chrysoberyl-care", "source-7" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": { "Colours": "" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-1", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-1", "title": "GIA: Chrysoberyl mineral properties", "url": "https://cms.gia.edu/dam/jcr%3A2774854e-0902-4498-9c58-3b9c8fbd1d0f/0113763c-1612-4c4c-aa74-226c519afa5d.pdf", "publisher": "cms.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "GIA historical mineral reference PDF retrieved; chemistry and property context only, cross-supported by the museum record and modern GIA articles. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-2", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-2", "title": "GIA: Color-Zoned Cat’s-Eye Chrysoberyl", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2021-lab-notes-color-zoned-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "One examined ring stone. The fixed inclusion zone and moving chatoyant effect are distinguished; laboratory natural-origin methods cannot be replaced by a photograph. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-3", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-3", "title": "GIA: Sri Lanka expedition", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-sri-lanka-expedition-island-of-jewels", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2014 field observations support alluvial recovery and recutting. Historic production and trade statistics are not treated as current. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-4", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-4", "title": "GIA: Phenomenal gemstones review", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Research review of structures and optics; not visual authentication or an origin report. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-5", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-5", "title": "GIA: Inamori Synthetic Cat’s-Eye Alexandrite", "url": "https://origin.prod.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1987-alexandrite-inamori-created-kane", "publisher": "origin.prod.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-03", "limits": "Legacy origin-host binding retained. Direct open failed; the retrieved canonical GIA article is added and cited.", "review_status": "retained_legacy_binding", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-6", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-6", "title": "GIA: Alexandrite care guidance", "url": "https://discover.gia.edu/rs/845-WEM-636/images/GIA-WINTER-2018-Education-Quarterly.pdf", "publisher": "discover.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Legacy care bibliography retained, directly retrievable; the new active care citation is the specific GIA alexandrite-care page. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::source-7", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "source-7", "title": "GIA: Gemstone Durability, Design to Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemstone-Durability-Design-to-Display.pdf", "publisher": "gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 durability and design paper; supports distinctions among scratching, impact and setting/cleaning risks. Conservative modern care advice remains conditional on treatment and condition. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::chrysoberyl-museum", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "chrysoberyl-museum", "title": "National Museum of Natural History, Sofia: Chrysoberyl classification", "url": "https://nmnhs.com/gemmology/classification/gem_id_en-4BA05-Chrysoberyl.html", "publisher": "nmnhs.com", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum mineral classification used for species chemistry and hardness; not a specimen-origin or treatment source. Direct open failed. Official indexed museum record confirmed formula and hardness; GIA sources independently support the article’s gemological context.", "review_status": "official_indexed_content", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::chrysoberyl-care", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "chrysoberyl-care", "title": "GIA: Alexandrite Care and Cleaning Guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/alexandrite-care-cleaning", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Care guidance for chrysoberyl’s alexandrite variety, applied conservatively to sound chrysoberyl; setting, fractures and fillings still require assessment. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::phenomena-current", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "phenomena-current", "title": "GIA: Structures Behind the Spectacle, chatoyancy and chrysoberyl", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "2025 review of optical mechanisms; neither the eye nor milk-and-honey appearance establishes natural growth origin. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl::synthetic-cats-eye-current", "article_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "id": "synthetic-cats-eye-current", "title": "GIA: Inamori Synthetic Cat’s-Eye Alexandrite, canonical article", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1987-alexandrite-inamori-created-kane0", "publisher": "www.gia.edu", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "1987 research abstract documents synthetic chatoyant chrysoberyl; it is not evidence of present-day market prevalence. Official page or PDF retrieved successfully during this research pass.", "review_status": "directly_retrieved", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "house-boucheron", "name": "Boucheron", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "house-boucheron" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-boucheron.html" ], "word_count": 736, "summary": "A spring-hidden necklace, sculpted gold and a ring assembled from four patterns show how Boucheron turns construction into a way of wearing jewellery.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boucheron", "section_id": "beginnings", "source_ids": [ "boucheron-founder" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boucheron", "section_id": "beginnings", "source_ids": [ "boucheron-founder" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boucheron", "section_id": "serpent", "source_ids": [ "boucheron-serpent" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boucheron", "section_id": "beginnings", "source_ids": [ "boucheron-founder" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boucheron", "section_id": "address", "source_ids": [ "boucheron-milestones" ] }, { "article_id": "house-boucheron", "section_id": "archive-return", "source_ids": [ "boucheron-2026" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-boucheron::boucheron-founder", "article_id": "house-boucheron", "id": "boucheron-founder", "title": "Boucheron: Frédéric Boucheron, a jeweller like no other", "url": "https://www.boucheron.com/us/our-maison/the-family-spirit/frederic-boucheron", "publisher": "Boucheron", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official retrospective biography. Founding, workshop and material claims used; universal priority, labour-policy and superiority claims are not independently adopted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boucheron::boucheron-question", "article_id": "house-boucheron", "id": "boucheron-question", "title": "Boucheron: The Question Mark icon", "url": "https://www.boucheron.com/gb/our-maison/the-sense-of-style/the-question-mark-icon", "publisher": "Boucheron", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official archive/craft account. Drawing date is separated from production dates. The first-claspless claim is expressly attributed, not independently proven.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boucheron::boucheron-milestones", "article_id": "house-boucheron", "id": "boucheron-milestones", "title": "Boucheron: A story of firsts", "url": "https://www.boucheron.com/us/our-maison/the-freedom-to-create/a-history-of-firsts", "publisher": "Boucheron", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official chronology. The largest-order superlative and first-on-Place-Vendôme priority claim are omitted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boucheron::boucheron-serpent", "article_id": "house-boucheron", "id": "boucheron-serpent", "title": "Boucheron: The Serpent Bohème icon", "url": "https://www.boucheron.com/gb/our-maison/the-sense-of-style/the-serpent-boheme-icon", "publisher": "Boucheron", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official collection and making account. Optical advertising about reverse-side light is not repeated as gem-science evidence.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boucheron::boucheron-quatre", "article_id": "house-boucheron", "id": "boucheron-quatre", "title": "Boucheron: The Quatre icon", "url": "https://www.boucheron.com/gb/our-maison/the-sense-of-style/the-quatre-icon", "publisher": "Boucheron", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official collection/making description. Final press assembly is not generalised to every manufacturing operation; comparative weight and protection claims excluded.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boucheron::boucheron-2026", "article_id": "house-boucheron", "id": "boucheron-2026", "title": "Boucheron: Histoire de Style 2026, Nom: Boucheron, Prénom: Frédéric", "url": "https://www.boucheron.com/us/high-jewelry/collections-histoire-de-style/nom-boucheron-prenom-frederic", "publisher": "Boucheron", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Dated 2026 collection page retrieved. Never-before-produced claim is limited to the particular 1879 drawing; no production-hour or gemstone-weight claim needed.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "house-chaumet", "name": "Chaumet", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "house-chaumet" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-chaumet.html" ], "word_count": 758, "summary": "From the Nitot workshop to light-looking head ornaments and coded gemstone messages, Chaumet’s history asks how a jewel can carry both structure and meaning.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chaumet", "section_id": "nitot", "source_ids": [ "chaumet-milestones" ] }, { "article_id": "house-chaumet", "section_id": "vendome", "source_ids": [ "chaumet-address", "chaumet-envol", "chaumet-milestones" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chaumet", "section_id": "nitot", "source_ids": [ "chaumet-milestones" ] }, { "article_id": "house-chaumet", "section_id": "vendome", "source_ids": [ "chaumet-address", "chaumet-envol", "chaumet-milestones" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chaumet", "section_id": "collections", "source_ids": [ "chaumet-milestones", "chaumet-tiara" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-chaumet::chaumet-milestones", "article_id": "house-chaumet", "id": "chaumet-milestones", "title": "Chaumet: History milestones", "url": "https://www.chaumet.com/es_en/our-maison/milestones", "publisher": "Chaumet", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official house chronology and object captions. The erroneous or ambiguous succession wording attached to 1812 is not reproduced. Circa dates retained; selective chronology, not exhaustive corporate history.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chaumet::chaumet-smithsonian", "article_id": "house-chaumet", "id": "chaumet-smithsonian", "title": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Marie Louise Diadem", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002698", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum object record is controlling for the 1810 commission and detailed 1952–1962 alteration chronology. The source introduction compresses turquoise replacement to the mid-1950s; the body provides the more careful 1956–1962 range used here.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chaumet::chaumet-acrostics", "article_id": "house-chaumet", "id": "chaumet-acrostics", "title": "Chaumet: Les Acrostiches Jeux de Liens customisable bracelets", "url": "https://www.chaumet.com/fr_fr/bracelets-personnalisables-les-acrostiches-jeux-de-liens-085055-000", "publisher": "Chaumet", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official French product/history explanation, retrieved; French stone-name alphabet translated accurately. Current prices, stock and private relationship narratives not used.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chaumet::chaumet-address", "article_id": "house-chaumet", "id": "chaumet-address", "title": "Chaumet: Our Maison", "url": "https://www.chaumet.com/sg_en/our-maison", "publisher": "Chaumet", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official address/workshop summary. The historic name and changing addresses are not conflated.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chaumet::chaumet-envol", "article_id": "house-chaumet", "id": "chaumet-envol", "title": "Chaumet: Envol high jewellery", "url": "https://www.chaumet.com/gb_en/envol", "publisher": "Chaumet", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official archive and collection account; UK page retrieved after US page timed out. 1910 materials cross-checked against historical object caption in milestones. Transformation claims are restricted to Envol.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chaumet::chaumet-tiara", "article_id": "house-chaumet", "id": "chaumet-tiara", "title": "Chaumet: The art of the tiara", "url": "https://www.chaumet.com/ca_fr/notre-maison/savoir-faire/l-art-du-diademe", "publisher": "Chaumet", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official French craft/collection interpretation. Used for Joséphine head-to-finger adaptation; royal and psychological marketing claims omitted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "house-bulgari", "name": "Bulgari", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "house-bulgari" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-bulgari.html" ], "word_count": 781, "summary": "A Greek silversmith’s Roman shops grew into a design language of rounded gems, flexible metal and strong colour, with archives that reward looking past the celebrity story.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "founders": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-bulgari", "section_id": "colour", "source_ids": [ "bulgari-colour" ] }, { "article_id": "house-bulgari", "section_id": "monete", "source_ids": [ "bulgari-monete" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-bulgari", "section_id": "looking", "source_ids": [] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-bulgari::bulgari-rome", "article_id": "house-bulgari", "id": "bulgari-rome", "title": "Bulgari: The Roman flagship, Via dei Condotti 10", "url": "https://www.bulgari.com/it-ch/temples/rome.html", "publisher": "Bulgari", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official Italian architectural/history page retrieved. Distinct 1884, 1894 and 1905 openings preserved; Dickens sign and 1933–1934 facade story attributed to house. No private celebrity anecdotes used.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-bulgari::bulgari-1940", "article_id": "house-bulgari", "id": "bulgari-1940", "title": "Bulgari: The 1940s, birth of an icon", "url": "https://www.bulgari.com/it-it/bvlgari-history/1940", "publisher": "Bulgari", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official Italian chronology/craft explanation retrieved. 1948 refers to Bulgari Serpenti; no universal Tubogas invention claim.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-bulgari::bulgari-colour", "article_id": "house-bulgari", "id": "bulgari-colour", "title": "Bulgari: 1950s–1960s, the colour revolution", "url": "https://www.bulgari.com/en-eg/50s_60s_colour_revolution.html", "publisher": "Bulgari", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official archive object captions and house interpretation. Approximate dates retained. The brand assertion that cabochons had been reserved for lesser-value stones is not reproduced as universal history.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-bulgari::bulgari-monete", "article_id": "house-bulgari", "id": "bulgari-monete", "title": "Bulgari: 1960s, La Dolce Vita and Monete", "url": "https://www.bulgari.com/en-us/bvlgari-history/1960", "publisher": "Bulgari", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official history retrieved. 1966 is used for the house’s early Greek/Roman coin jewels, not all coin jewellery. Preservation describes the house’s stated method, not certification of an individual object.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-bulgari::bulgari-hadid", "article_id": "house-bulgari", "id": "bulgari-hadid", "title": "Zaha Hadid Design: B.zero1 for Bulgari", "url": "https://www.zaha-hadid-design.com/pages/b-zero-1-for-bulgari", "publisher": "Zaha Hadid Design", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Primary design-collaborator project account, retrieved. Used for the 1999 original and formal reinterpretation; no inferred chronology of all later variants.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "house-buccellati", "name": "Buccellati", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "covered", "review_scope": "Published sourced reading inherited; source dates remain as recorded, not a fresh external audit.", "article_ids": [ "house-buccellati" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-buccellati.html" ], "word_count": 801, "summary": "Engraving, openwork and sculpted silver make Buccellati a study in how precious metal can suggest woven fabric, a living creature or a surface softened by light.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-buccellati", "section_id": "milan", "source_ids": [ "buccellati-history" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-buccellati", "section_id": "milan", "source_ids": [ "buccellati-history" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-buccellati", "section_id": "silver", "source_ids": [ "buccellati-huntsville" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-buccellati::buccellati-history", "article_id": "house-buccellati", "id": "buccellati-history", "title": "Buccellati: Maison history", "url": "https://www.buccellati.com/en_nl/maison-history", "publisher": "Buccellati", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official house chronology retrieved via English Netherlands page after the US page failed. Only stable founding, branch-opening and wartime-material details used; ambiguous death wording and corporate-acquisition dates omitted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-buccellati::buccellati-craft", "article_id": "house-buccellati", "id": "buccellati-craft", "title": "Buccellati: The art of beauty", "url": "https://www.buccellati.com/en_nl/maison-craftmanship", "publisher": "Buccellati", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official craft descriptions retrieved. Rigato, telato, segrinato and tulle described as distinct operations; interpretive looking guidance does not claim comparative quality or proof of authorship.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-buccellati::buccellati-exhibition", "article_id": "house-buccellati", "id": "buccellati-exhibition", "title": "Buccellati: The Prince of Goldsmiths, exhibition and butterfly objects", "url": "https://www.buccellati.com/en_row/prince-of-goldsmiths", "publisher": "Buccellati", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Official 2024 exhibition interpretation; dates and materials attached to individual butterflies retained. No image reproduction rights inferred and no current exhibition availability asserted.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-buccellati::buccellati-huntsville", "article_id": "house-buccellati", "id": "buccellati-huntsville", "title": "Huntsville Museum of Art: Gilded Wilderness, Spring/Summer 2025 publication, printed page 14", "url": "https://hsvmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/AV_flip_SprSum2025-compressed.pdf", "publisher": "Huntsville Museum of Art", "checked": "2026-10-04", "limits": "Museum object captions distinguish 800 silver/gold vermeil Heron from 925 sterling bear and lion. Used as dated collection documentation, not confirmation of today’s display or opening hours.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-fluorite", "name": "Fluorite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Fluorite", "aliases": [ "fluor-spar", "fluorspar" ], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile claims checked for this edition; source-specific access notes retained.", "article_ids": [ "gem-fluorite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-fluorite.html" ], "word_count": 558, "summary": "Fluorite can look like a box of watercolours made solid.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s1" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s1" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s1" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s1" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "looking-study", "source_ids": [ "s2" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "section_id": "looking-study", "source_ids": [ "s2" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "CaF₂ — Mineral species calcium fluoride", "Mohs hardness": "4" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "CaF₂", "scope": "Mineral species calcium fluoride", "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002904", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": 4, "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002904", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [ "fluor-spar", "fluorspar" ], "qualified_search_terms": [], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "CaF₂", "scope": "Mineral species calcium fluoride", "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002904", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": 4, "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002904", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Afghanistan", "scope": "Museum’s faceted example, not individual-stone origin inference", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002904", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Switzerland and France", "scope": "Studied pink Alpine fluorite specimens", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jrs.6383", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is a separate specimen attribute; treatment is separate again. No blanket untreated or no-synthetics claim.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-1", "section-3", "looking-study" ], "licensed_images": [] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-fluorite::s1", "article_id": "gem-fluorite", "id": "s1", "title": "Smithsonian’s fluorite collection entry", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002904", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. 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not inferred origin of a supplied stone", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-a", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] }, { "name": "United States", "scope": "Representative gem locality in the cited collection; not inferred origin of a supplied stone", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-a", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is a separate specimen attribute; treatment is separate again. 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No blanket untreated or no-synthetics claim.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-3" ], "licensed_images": [] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. 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Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-andalusite::s5", "article_id": "gem-andalusite", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA explains synthetic gems", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/what-are-synthetic-gemstones-3/", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-andalusite::s6", "article_id": "gem-andalusite", "id": "s6", "title": "GIA’s jewellery-care advice", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-diopside", "name": "Diopside", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Pyroxene", "aliases": [ "chrome diopside (chromium-bearing)", "star diopside (optical effect)" ], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile claims checked for this edition; source-specific access notes retained.", "article_ids": [ "gem-diopside" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-diopside.html" ], "word_count": 455, "summary": "Diopside is a mineral species in the pyroxene group, with ideal composition CaMgSi₂O₆.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_ids": [ "section-1", "section-4" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s3" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s3" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-diopside", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal composition": "CaMgSi₂O₆", "Mohs hardness": "5½–6½ — Typical mineral range; not a particular jewel measurement" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaMgSi₂O₆", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5½–6½", "scope": "Typical mineral range; not a particular jewel measurement", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "chrome diopside", "star diopside" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaMgSi₂O₆", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5½–6½", "scope": "Typical mineral range; not a particular jewel measurement", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Russia", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an operating gem mine claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Canada", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an operating gem mine claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Madagascar", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an operating gem mine claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Pakistan", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an operating gem mine claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Italy", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an operating gem mine claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is a separate specimen attribute; treatment is separate again. No blanket untreated or no-synthetics claim.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-3" ], "licensed_images": [] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-diopside::s1", "article_id": "gem-diopside", "id": "s1", "title": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy: diopside", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diopside::s2", "article_id": "gem-diopside", "id": "s2", "title": "GIA, Winter 1965 laboratory notes", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/winter_1965.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diopside::s3", "article_id": "gem-diopside", "id": "s3", "title": "GIA, Spring 2012, “Diopside from Kenya”", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2012-gem-news-international", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diopside::s4", "article_id": "gem-diopside", "id": "s4", "title": "GIA, “Cr-Diopside in Diamond”", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2018-microworld-quarterly-crystal-cr-diopside-diamond", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-diopside::s5", "article_id": "gem-diopside", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA, understanding durability", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/more-than-mohs-scale-gem-durability/", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-titanite", "name": "Titanite / sphene", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Titanite", "aliases": [ "sphene" ], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile claims checked for this edition; source-specific access notes retained.", "article_ids": [ "gem-titanite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-titanite.html" ], "word_count": 447, "summary": "Titanite is the mineral name; sphene remains familiar in gem writing.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_ids": [ "section-1" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-titanite", "section_id": "looking-study", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal composition": "CaTiSiO₅", "Mohs hardness": "5–5½" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaTiSiO₅", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5–5½", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [ "sphene" ], "qualified_search_terms": [], "properties": [ { "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaTiSiO₅", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5–5½", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Switzerland", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Austria", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Norway", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Russia", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Canada", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Brazil", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Madagascar", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not an exclusive origin or supplier claim", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is a separate specimen attribute; treatment is separate again. No blanket untreated or no-synthetics claim.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-3", "looking-study" ], "licensed_images": [] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-titanite::s1", "article_id": "gem-titanite", "id": "s1", "title": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy: titanite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/titanite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-titanite::s2", "article_id": "gem-titanite", "id": "s2", "title": "GIA specimen 34226", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/titanite-sphene-34226.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-titanite::s3", "article_id": "gem-titanite", "id": "s3", "title": "Gem-A, Journal of Gemmology, 1954, “Three Gemstones from Burma,” p. 335", "url": "https://gem-a.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/JoG1954_4_8.pdf", "publisher": "Gem-A, Journal of Gemmology", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-titanite::s4", "article_id": "gem-titanite", "id": "s4", "title": "GIA’s distinction between hardness, toughness and stability", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/more-than-mohs-scale-gem-durability/", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-benitoite", "name": "Benitoite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Benitoite", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile claims checked for this edition; source-specific access notes retained.", "article_ids": [ "gem-benitoite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-benitoite.html" ], "word_count": 462, "summary": "Benitoite is a barium titanium silicate species, BaTiSi₃O₉, not a variety of sapphire.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_ids": [ "section-1" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-5", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s1" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s1" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s1" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-5", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "BaTiSi₃O₉", "Mohs hardness": "6–6½", "Scientific recognition": "1907 — Recognition of a new mineral; not first-ever encounter", "State designation": "1985-10-01 — California official gemstone designation" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "BaTiSi₃O₉", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "6–6½", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Scientific recognition", "value": "1907", "date_type": "Recognition of a new mineral; not first-ever encounter", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/benitoite-reading-list", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "scope": "Recognition of a new mineral; not first-ever encounter" }, { "label": "State designation", "value": "1985-10-01", "date_type": "California official gemstone designation", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/benitoite-reading-list", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "scope": "California official gemstone designation" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "BaTiSi₃O₉", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "6–6½", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "scope": "Typical mineral property in the cited reference; not a measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Scientific recognition", "value": "1907", "date_type": "Recognition of a new mineral; not first-ever encounter", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/benitoite-reading-list", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "scope": "Recognition of a new mineral; not first-ever encounter" }, { "label": "State designation", "value": "1985-10-01", "date_type": "California official gemstone designation", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/benitoite-reading-list", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "scope": "California official gemstone designation" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "San Benito County, California", "scope": "Documented celebrated gem deposit, not the only mineral occurrence", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1997-benitoite-california-laurs", "source_ids": [ "s2" ] }, { "name": "Arkansas", "scope": "Wider mineral occurrence; not interchangeable commercial gem supply", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Japan", "scope": "Wider mineral occurrence; not interchangeable commercial gem supply", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Australia", "scope": "Wider mineral occurrence; not interchangeable commercial gem supply", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is a separate specimen attribute; treatment is separate again. No blanket untreated or no-synthetics claim.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-2", "section-3" ], "licensed_images": [] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-benitoite::s1", "article_id": "gem-benitoite", "id": "s1", "title": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy: benitoite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benitoite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Research handoff reports this check date; this structure-transfer task did not independently reread the source.", "limits": "Supports the adjacent supplied prose only. 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Consult the article’s explicit scope and qualifications; no image-reuse permission established.", "review_provenance": "Primary-source research handoff plus the recorded source-resolution and editorial checks; access limitations are source-specific.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [] }, { "entity_id": "gem-kyanite", "name": "Kyanite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Aluminosilicates", "aliases": [ "cyanite", "disthene" ], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Parent-supplied primary-source profile reviewed for transfer, claim scope and adjacent evidence. 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kept separate from cleavage and toughness", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Across the crystal", "uncertainty": "Approximately 7; not a universal measured value for every specimen" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [ "cyanite", "disthene" ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue kyanite", "orange kyanite" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Al2SiO5", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Triclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness along the crystal", "value": 5.5, "scope": "Approximate direction-dependent hardness from the parent-supplied mineralogical reference; not a home scratch-test instruction", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Along the crystal", "uncertainty": "Approximately 5.5; not a universal measured value for every specimen" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness across the crystal", "value": 7, "scope": "Approximate direction-dependent hardness from the parent-supplied mineralogical reference; kept separate from cleavage and toughness", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Across the crystal", "uncertainty": "Approximately 7; not a universal measured value for every specimen" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Austrian Alps", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Switzerland", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; 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not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kyanite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is separate from treatment and material identity. 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Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Typical mineral properties and representative historical occurrences; no proof of individual-stone origin, current mine operation or a pure composition for a mixed ornamental object.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-kyanite::s2", "article_id": "gem-kyanite", "id": "s2", "title": "Journal of Gemmology, 1982, pp. 205 onward", "url": "https://gem-a.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/JoG1982_18_3.pdf", "publisher": "Gem-A", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "1982 observations concern the investigated East African specimens, including a particular color-change example; not every kyanite or a current market survey.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-kyanite::s3", "article_id": "gem-kyanite", "id": "s3", "title": "Gems & Gemology, Summer 2009, pp. 146–147", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/SU09.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "2009 orange kyanite investigation and discussion of earlier experimental synthesis. Experimental capability is distinct from any retailer-specific origin claim.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-kyanite::s4", "article_id": "gem-kyanite", "id": "s4", "title": "GIA: colored-stone analysis", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General analytical identification methods; does not identify a photographed gem, authorize scratch testing or establish an offered stone is untreated.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-kyanite::s5", "article_id": "gem-kyanite", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA: tips for caring for jewellery", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/articles/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General treatment/fracture-aware jewellery care supports conservative guidance only; not a tested cleaning protocol for every listed specimen. Individual condition and the material-specific precautions in this profile still matter.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue kyanite", "orange kyanite" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-prehnite", "name": "Prehnite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Prehnite", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Parent-supplied primary-source profile reviewed for transfer, claim scope and adjacent evidence. No independent repeat source audit or image reuse licence implied.", "article_ids": [ "gem-prehnite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-prehnite.html" ], "word_count": 500, "summary": "Prehnite is familiar as a translucent green cabochon, often with a cloudy, rounded appearance.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s4" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s4" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s4" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s4" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2", "Crystal system": "Orthorhombic", "Mohs hardness": "6-6.5 Mohs (Typical cited mineral properties; 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Experimental synthesis, commercial prevalence and the origin of a supplied stone are distinct; absence of a documented rate is not absence of treatment or synthesis.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-2" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or used. The Met proposal retains its reported public-domain record indication; a future asset needs object/file matching and attribution. All other proposals are original schematics, not specimen evidence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-prehnite::s1", "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "id": "s1", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: prehnite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/prehnite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Typical mineral properties and representative historical occurrences; no proof of individual-stone origin, current mine operation or a pure composition for a mixed ornamental object.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-prehnite::s2", "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "id": "s2", "title": "Gems & Gemology, Summer 2006, pp. 177–178", "url": "https://cms.gia.edu/dam/jcr%3A54cabe97-36bc-4478-8f35-2300c7a4320c/SU06-v2.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Specific Australian radial patterns and a dated December 2005 Mali field observation reported in 2006; neither is a universal inclusion classification or current worldwide treatment-rate estimate.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-prehnite::s3", "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "id": "s3", "title": "GIA: uvarovite in prehnite, 2019", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2019-gemnews-uvarovite-in-prehnite", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "A described multi-mineral material reportedly from the Philippines; not a new prehnite species or confirmation of every similarly patterned stone.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-prehnite::s4", "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "id": "s4", "title": "GIA: what are synthetic gemstones?", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/what-are-synthetic-gemstones-3/", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General identity definition only. Does not establish treatment prevalence, commercial synthetic availability or the origin of a particular stone.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-prehnite::s5", "article_id": "gem-prehnite", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA: tips for caring for jewellery", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/articles/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General treatment/fracture-aware jewellery care supports conservative guidance only; not a tested cleaning protocol for every listed specimen. Individual condition and the material-specific precautions in this profile still matter.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "green prehnite", "yellow prehnite", "prehnite with epidote", "SunJade", "Golden SunJade", "Flower SunJade" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "name": "Rhodochrosite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Calcite group", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Parent-supplied primary-source profile reviewed for transfer, claim scope and adjacent evidence. No independent repeat source audit or image reuse licence implied.", "article_ids": [ "gem-rhodochrosite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-rhodochrosite.html" ], "word_count": 507, "summary": "Rhodochrosite can appear as translucent pink-and-white bands or as transparent crystals with a vivid red to orange-pink appearance.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "s6" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "MnCO3", "Crystal system": "Trigonal", "Mohs hardness": "3.5-4 Mohs (Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object)" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "MnCO3", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Trigonal", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5-4", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Inca rose", "rosa del Inca", "banded rhodochrosite" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "MnCO3", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Trigonal", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5-4", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Capillitas, Argentina", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Colorado, United States", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "South African manganese deposits", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Peru", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Romania", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is separate from treatment and material identity. Experimental synthesis, commercial prevalence and the origin of a supplied stone are distinct; absence of a documented rate is not absence of treatment or synthesis.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-2" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or used. The Met proposal retains its reported public-domain record indication; a future asset needs object/file matching and attribution. All other proposals are original schematics, not specimen evidence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodochrosite::s1", "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "id": "s1", "title": "GIA: Sweet Home rhodochrosite study, 1997", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/gem-rhodochrosite-from-the-sweet-home-mine.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "1997 Sweet Home study distinguishes single crystals from ornamental aggregates; it does not establish all banded layers are pure or supply a current valuation.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodochrosite::s2", "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "id": "s2", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: rhodochrosite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodochrosite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Typical mineral properties and representative historical occurrences; no proof of individual-stone origin, current mine operation or a pure composition for a mixed ornamental object.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodochrosite::s3", "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "id": "s3", "title": "GIA: Sweet Home Mine Rhodochrosite from 1888", "url": "https://my.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2023-gemnews-sweet-home-mine-rhodochrosite-1889", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "2023 account of the specified 7.94-carat gem and its reported chain of history; not a universal mine-history, value or origin claim. The URL slug ends in 1889 while the account described here gives 1888; the historical narrative remains attributed to the linked account.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "review_flags": [ "URL-slug year 1889 differs from narrative year 1888; no silent correction during transfer" ], "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodochrosite::s4", "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "id": "s4", "title": "GIA: pressed rhodochrosite imitation", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2019-rhodochrosite-imitation", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "2019 pressed gibbsite/calcite imitation; a different manufactured material, not synthetic rhodochrosite. Pattern alone is not authentication.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodochrosite::s5", "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA: gem treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Documented possible waxing/polymer impregnation; no current prevalence or treatment-status diagnosis of an offered specimen.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodochrosite::s6", "article_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "id": "s6", "title": "GIA: tips for caring for jewellery", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/articles/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General treatment/fracture-aware jewellery care supports conservative guidance only; not a tested cleaning protocol for every listed specimen. Individual condition and the material-specific precautions in this profile still matter.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Inca rose", "rosa del Inca", "banded rhodochrosite" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-rhodonite", "name": "Rhodonite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Rhodonite group", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Parent-supplied primary-source profile reviewed for transfer, claim scope and adjacent evidence. No independent repeat source audit or image reuse licence implied.", "article_ids": [ "gem-rhodonite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-rhodonite.html" ], "word_count": 520, "summary": "Rhodonite is best known in opaque pink carvings, beads and cabochons with contrasting dark markings.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s6" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-4", "source_ids": [ "s6" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "s7" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "CaMn4Si5O15", "Crystal system": "Triclinic", "Mohs hardness": "approximately 5.5-6.5 Mohs (Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object)" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "CaMn4Si5O15", "scope": "Ideal modern rhodonite end-member composition in the parent-supplied 2019 IMA-approved nomenclature; older trade/specimen labels may have a broader un-reassessed scope", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/crystal-chemistry-and-nomenclature-of-rhodonitegroup-minerals/B1F60F096AED5C5D1440A10D273D6E31", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Triclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "approximately 5.5-6.5", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently; physical descriptions in older rhodonite references do not prove a specimen has been chemically reassessed under the 2019 nomenclature", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "pink rhodonite", "manganese silicate", "massive rhodonite" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "CaMn4Si5O15", "scope": "Ideal modern rhodonite end-member composition in the parent-supplied 2019 IMA-approved nomenclature; older trade/specimen labels may have a broader un-reassessed scope", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/crystal-chemistry-and-nomenclature-of-rhodonitegroup-minerals/B1F60F096AED5C5D1440A10D273D6E31", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Triclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "approximately 5.5-6.5", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently; physical descriptions in older rhodonite references do not prove a specimen has been chemically reassessed under the 2019 nomenclature", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Russian Urals", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Sweden", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Brazil", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Japan", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Australia", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "New Jersey, United States", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is separate from treatment and material identity. Experimental synthesis, commercial prevalence and the origin of a supplied stone are distinct; absence of a documented rate is not absence of treatment or synthesis.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-3" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or used. The Met proposal retains its reported public-domain record indication; a future asset needs object/file matching and attribution. All other proposals are original schematics, not specimen evidence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s1", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s1", "title": "Australian Museum: rhodonite", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/gemstones/rhodonite/", "publisher": "Australian Museum", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Museum distinguishes massive Tamworth ornamental material from gemmy Broken Hill crystals; does not authenticate an unknown object or license its photography.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s2", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s2", "title": "Shchipalkina and colleagues: rhodonite-group nomenclature", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/crystal-chemistry-and-nomenclature-of-rhodonitegroup-minerals/B1F60F096AED5C5D1440A10D273D6E31", "publisher": "Mineralogical Magazine / Cambridge University Press", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "The 2019 IMA-approved rhodonite-group nomenclature defines the ideal CaMn4Si5O15 composition. Historical specimen labels may not have been chemically reassessed under that scheme.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s3", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s3", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: rhodonite", "url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/rhodonite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Typical mineral properties and representative historical occurrences; no proof of individual-stone origin, current mine operation or a pure composition for a mixed ornamental object. Older chemistry shorthand is not the modern rhodonite end-member formula; the separate 2019 nomenclature source controls the composition field.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s4", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s4", "title": "Journal of Gemmology, 1976, pp. 77 onward", "url": "https://gem-a.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/JoG1976_15_2.pdf", "publisher": "Gem-A", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "1976 Plainfield study of specific coatings, veinlets and a black outer zone; a photograph cannot establish that every dark line is the same oxide.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s5", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s5", "title": "Australian Museum: specimen D.49966", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/mineral-factsheets/rhodonite/", "publisher": "Australian Museum", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Specific Australian Museum object D.49966 and recorded acquisition/registration context; no invented discovery scene. Museum photography is credited/copyrighted and not reused.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s6", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s6", "title": "GIA: what are synthetic gemstones?", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/what-are-synthetic-gemstones-3/", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General identity definition only. Does not establish treatment prevalence, commercial synthetic availability or the origin of a particular stone.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-rhodonite::s7", "article_id": "gem-rhodonite", "id": "s7", "title": "GIA: tips for caring for jewellery", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/articles/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General treatment/fracture-aware jewellery care supports conservative guidance only; not a tested cleaning protocol for every listed specimen. Individual condition and the material-specific precautions in this profile still matter.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "pink rhodonite", "manganese silicate", "massive rhodonite" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-malachite", "name": "Malachite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Copper carbonate hydroxides", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Parent-supplied primary-source profile reviewed for transfer, claim scope and adjacent evidence. No independent repeat source audit or image reuse licence implied.", "article_ids": [ "gem-malachite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-malachite.html" ], "word_count": 524, "summary": "Malachite's bands, swirls and rounded forms make it recognizable, but no single pattern proves identity.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "s7" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-malachite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s4", "s5", "s6" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "Cu2(CO3)(OH)2", "Crystal system": "Monoclinic", "Mohs hardness": "3.5-4 Mohs (Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object)" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Cu2(CO3)(OH)2", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Monoclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5-4", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "green malachite", "banded malachite", "azurite-malachite (mixture)" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Cu2(CO3)(OH)2", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Monoclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5-4", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Copper districts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Urals", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Namibia", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Arizona", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Australia", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is separate from treatment and material identity. Experimental synthesis, commercial prevalence and the origin of a supplied stone are distinct; absence of a documented rate is not absence of treatment or synthesis.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-2" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or used. The Met proposal retains its reported public-domain record indication; a future asset needs object/file matching and attribution. All other proposals are original schematics, not specimen evidence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s1", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s1", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: malachite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malachite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Typical mineral properties and representative historical occurrences; no proof of individual-stone origin, current mine operation or a pure composition for a mixed ornamental object.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s2", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s2", "title": "The Met: object 25.3.95b", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/587589", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Specific object 25.3.95b, its documented excavation context and approximate ancient dates; not evidence for an imagined royal owner or the history of an unrelated specimen.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s3", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s3", "title": "GIA: Gems on Canvas, 2022", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2022-gems-on-canvas", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Documented malachite pigment example and particle-size effects; not food/cosmetic safety advice or a rule that paint matches every crystal.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s4", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s4", "title": "GIA: imitation gems", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/UK-EN/gem-imitation", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Different glass material can imitate malachite bands; an imitation is not synthetic malachite and no visual pattern authenticates an unknown specimen.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s5", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA: natural and synthetic malachite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/chemical-analysis-to-separate-natural-and-synthetic-malachite", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "2010 trace-element research used a limited sample set; no universal banding test or automatic origin determination is implied.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s6", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s6", "title": "GIA: what are synthetic gemstones?", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/what-are-synthetic-gemstones-3/", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General identity definition only. Does not establish treatment prevalence, commercial synthetic availability or the origin of a particular stone.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-malachite::s7", "article_id": "gem-malachite", "id": "s7", "title": "GIA: tips for caring for jewellery", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/articles/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General treatment/fracture-aware jewellery care supports conservative guidance only; not a tested cleaning protocol for every listed specimen. Individual condition and the material-specific precautions in this profile still matter.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "green malachite", "banded malachite", "azurite-malachite (mixture)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-azurite", "name": "Azurite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Copper carbonate hydroxides", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Parent-supplied primary-source profile reviewed for transfer, claim scope and adjacent evidence. No independent repeat source audit or image reuse licence implied.", "article_ids": [ "gem-azurite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-azurite.html" ], "word_count": 528, "summary": "Azurite ranges from bright blue crusts to richly colored crystals that can appear nearly black in thick sections.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_ids": [] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3", "s4" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-1", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s6" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "s7" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3", "s4" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-2", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3", "s4" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-azurite", "section_id": "section-3", "source_ids": [ "s5", "s6" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2", "Crystal system": "Monoclinic", "Mohs hardness": "3.5-4 Mohs (Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object)" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Monoclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5-4", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue azurite", "azurite-malachite (mixture)" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2", "scope": "Composition of the identified mineral species; not an assertion that every ornamental aggregate is pure", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Monoclinic", "scope": "Typical species structure in the cited mineralogical reference; specimen identity requires examination", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5-4", "scope": "Typical mineral reference value; bulk mixed or treated ornamental material may behave differently", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Typical cited mineral properties; not a tested finished object", "uncertainty": "Range or approximate value, not specimen certification" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Chessy, France", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Tsumeb, Namibia", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Touissit, Morocco", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Arizona", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "representative": true }, { "name": "Australian copper deposits", "scope": "Representative historical occurrence supplied in the cited reference; not exclusive origin, an operating-mine claim or identification of an individual stone", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural versus laboratory-grown is separate from treatment and material identity. Experimental synthesis, commercial prevalence and the origin of a supplied stone are distinct; absence of a documented rate is not absence of treatment or synthesis.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "section-2" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or used. The Met proposal retains its reported public-domain record indication; a future asset needs object/file matching and attribution. All other proposals are original schematics, not specimen evidence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s1", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s1", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: azurite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/azurite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America, Handbook of Mineralogy", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Typical mineral properties and representative historical occurrences; no proof of individual-stone origin, current mine operation or a pure composition for a mixed ornamental object.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s2", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s2", "title": "National Gallery: Bacchus and Ariadne", "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/titian-bacchus-and-ariadne", "publisher": "National Gallery", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Specific National Gallery painting and documented pigment placements; the painting image is not reproduced.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s3", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s3", "title": "National Gallery: methods and materials, 1400–1550", "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/media/15643/methods_and_materials1997.pdf", "publisher": "National Gallery", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "Historical pigment preparation and particle-size context; not a diagnostic natural-crystal color chart or permission to grind minerals.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s4", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s4", "title": "National Gallery: The Virgin and Child", "url": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/domenico-ghirlandaio-the-virgin-and-child", "publisher": "National Gallery", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "A described alteration in one historical paint layer; not a prediction that every household azurite specimen turns green.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s5", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s5", "title": "GIA: azurite-malachite from Peru", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2017-gemnews-new-azurite-malachite", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "2017 Cochapata, Peru material with explicit mineral mixtures; not a standardized composition, recipe or one universal durability rating.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s6", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s6", "title": "CIBJO Gemstone Book, 2018 edition", "url": "https://gem-a.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Official-Gemstone-Book.pdf", "publisher": "CIBJO (historical Gemstone Book, hosted by Gem-A)", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "2018 edition records possible surface waxing of azurite-malachite; historical enhancement evidence, not a current market-frequency estimate or proof of laboratory-grown gem availability.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-azurite::s7", "article_id": "gem-azurite", "id": "s7", "title": "GIA: tips for caring for jewellery", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/articles/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Parent handoff reports primary-source research checked on 5 October 2026. This transfer task did not reread the source page.", "review_provenance": "Exact parent-supplied research handoff, saved locally as research/next-nada-handoff.md. Formatting and reference-resolution validation only in this transfer.", "limits": "General treatment/fracture-aware jewellery care supports conservative guidance only; not a tested cleaning protocol for every listed specimen. Individual condition and the material-specific precautions in this profile still matter.", "read_during_transfer": false, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue azurite", "azurite-malachite (mixture)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "house-chopard", "name": "Chopard", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Primary-source profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred.", "article_ids": [ "house-chopard" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-chopard.html" ], "word_count": 956, "summary": "A watchmaker's heritage, moving diamonds and the difference between a material story and a finished jewel's construction.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Watchmaking heritage origin only", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Named founder, distinct from later acquirer", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Selected heritage and collection dates, not full chronology", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Named mobile-diamond construction", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "moving-diamonds", "source_ids": [ "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Jewellery movement/enclosure reading; no watch calibre or universal invention priority", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "moving-diamonds", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Named manufacturer collection account, grading claims attributed", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "kalahari", "source_ids": [ "s5" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "scope": "1963 transaction plus current parent/controller and family-governance statements; current percentage unknown", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-chopard", "section_id": "ownership", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s7", "s8" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "House origin", "value": "1860", "scope": "Louis-Ulysse Chopard's Sonvilier watchmaking business; manufacturer heritage date, not modern incorporation", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-history.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "brand heritage origin" }, { "label": "Scheufele acquisition", "value": "1963", "scope": "Karl Scheufele acquisition in manufacturer chronology; current share percentages not stated", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-history.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "historical acquisition" }, { "label": "Happy Diamonds origin", "value": "1976", "scope": "Named watch/collection concept in manufacturer account", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-intl/jewellery-universe/happy-diamonds-universe.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "collection concept" }, { "label": "Queen of Kalahari rough weight", "value": 342, "scope": "Manufacturer's named rough diamond account; not a finished jewel's weight", "source_ids": [ "s5" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/high-jewellery-universe/the-queen-of-kalahari.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct" }, { "label": "Garden of Kalahari resulting stones", "value": 23, "scope": "Manufacturer account of stones from the named rough", "source_ids": [ "s5" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/high-jewellery-universe/the-queen-of-kalahari.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "stones" }, { "label": "Ethical gold workshop-use start", "value": "2018-07", "scope": "Chopard-defined ethical gold, two disclosed supply-chain categories; manufacturer statement", "source_ids": [ "s6" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/sustainability-our-approach/rethinking-our-products.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "manufacturer material policy" }, { "label": "Named Swiss parent/data controller", "value": "Le petit-fils de L.U. Chopard & Cie SA", "scope": "Privacy-policy role; not inferred to be every regional contractual seller", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/legal-privacy-policy.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Louis-Ulysse Chopard", "scope": "Founder named in the 1860 Sonvilier watchmaking heritage account", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Karl Scheufele III", "scope": "1963 acquirer in manufacturer history; not the 1860 founder", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "House origin", "value": "1860", "scope": "Louis-Ulysse Chopard's Sonvilier watchmaking business; manufacturer heritage date, not modern incorporation", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-history.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "brand heritage origin" }, { "label": "Scheufele acquisition", "value": "1963", "scope": "Karl Scheufele acquisition in manufacturer chronology; current share percentages not stated", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-history.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "historical acquisition" }, { "label": "Happy Diamonds origin", "value": "1976", "scope": "Named watch/collection concept in manufacturer account", "source_ids": [ "s2" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-intl/jewellery-universe/happy-diamonds-universe.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "collection concept" }, { "label": "Queen of Kalahari rough weight", "value": 342, "scope": "Manufacturer's named rough diamond account; not a finished jewel's weight", "source_ids": [ "s5" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/high-jewellery-universe/the-queen-of-kalahari.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct" }, { "label": "Garden of Kalahari resulting stones", "value": 23, "scope": "Manufacturer account of stones from the named rough", "source_ids": [ "s5" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/high-jewellery-universe/the-queen-of-kalahari.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "stones" }, { "label": "Ethical gold workshop-use start", "value": "2018-07", "scope": "Chopard-defined ethical gold, two disclosed supply-chain categories; manufacturer statement", "source_ids": [ "s6" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/sustainability-our-approach/rethinking-our-products.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "manufacturer material policy" }, { "label": "Named Swiss parent/data controller", "value": "Le petit-fils de L.U. Chopard & Cie SA", "scope": "Privacy-policy role; not inferred to be every regional contractual seller", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/legal-privacy-policy.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "current_share_register": null, "model_or_calibre_scope": "Jewellery profile: dates, materials and mechanisms apply to the named collection or reference only; no watch-calibre specification or universal innovation priority is asserted.", "licensed_product_photographs": [], "original_diagrams": [], "current_legal_entity_status": "Regional contractual website operator not established; named Swiss parent/data controller is recorded separately", "current_legal_entity_source_ids": [ "s7" ], "owner_status": "Manufacturer describes family-run governance; full current share register and percentages not examined", "owner_source_ids": [ "s8" ], "ownership_percentage": null, "legal_entity_continuity_from_origin": null }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s1", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s1", "title": "La Maison Chopard, Our History", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-history.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer chronology supports Sonvilier 1860, the 1963 Scheufele acquisition and named collection dates. It is not an incorporation register or complete ownership record.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s2", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s2", "title": "Happy Diamonds Luxury Jewellery Collection", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-intl/jewellery-universe/happy-diamonds-universe.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer account of the collection and 1976 origin; promotional descriptions of freedom are design language, not measured performance.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s3", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s3", "title": "Dancing-Diamonds Jewelry and Watch Artisan — Lorena", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/meet-our-artisans/artisan-of-emotions-dancing-diamond-choreographer-artisan-lorena.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Published transcript and workshop account show setting, moving carriers, sapphire enclosure and assembly. No independently tested tolerance, water-resistance rating or owner servicing method is inferred.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s4", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s4", "title": "Artisans of Emotions: Luxury Watch & Jewelry Workshops", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/artisans-of-emotions.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Names workshop specialisms illustrated in manufacturer films; not a complete process map, staffing census or independent factory inspection.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s5", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s5", "title": "The Queen of Kalahari Diamond High Jewelry Set", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/high-jewellery-universe/the-queen-of-kalahari.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer account gives 342 ct rough, Karowe/Botswana, 23 stones and six jewels, and detachable pendants. Grading superlatives and geological marketing language are not independently verified here; no collection launch year is inferred.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s6", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s6", "title": "Rethinking our Products", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/sustainability-our-approach/rethinking-our-products.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer defines ethical gold and reports its workshop use since July 2018, two supply chains and an Ice Cube life-cycle assessment. These are dated manufacturer disclosures, not an independent supply-chain audit or a claim that all gold is Fairmined.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s7", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s7", "title": "Privacy Policy", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/legal-privacy-policy.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Policy names Le petit-fils de L.U. Chopard & Cie SA as Swiss parent and data controller; policy update 1 May 2026. It does not establish every regional sales operator or legal continuity from the 1860 workshop.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-chopard::s8", "article_id": "house-chopard", "id": "s8", "title": "A Journey to Sustainable Luxury", "url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/sustainability-our-approach/journey-to-sustainable-luxury.html", "publisher": "Chopard", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Current manufacturer description of family-run governance and sustainability approach; no shareholder percentages or independently verified outcome is supplied.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "house-graff", "name": "Graff", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Primary-source profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred.", "article_ids": [ "house-graff" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-graff.html" ], "word_count": 969, "summary": "A London origin, the Lesedi La Rona transformation and a way to distinguish gem information from house storytelling.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Manufacturer establishment year and place", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-graff", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Named founder only", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-graff", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Selected named-stone acquisition and transformation", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-graff", "section_id": "lesedi", "source_ids": [ "s7", "s8" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Current named motif collection, not an exhaustive design history", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-graff", "section_id": "butterfly", "source_ids": [ "s10" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Qualified jewellery workshop process; no watch calibre or first-invention claim", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-graff", "section_id": "atelier", "source_ids": [ "s9" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Named manufacturer stone account; grading and record claims limited", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-graff", "section_id": "lesedi", "source_ids": [ "s7", "s8" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "The cited legal section documents incorporation and website operator; no dated ownership transfer or revival was established." } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "House establishment", "value": "1960", "scope": "Laurence Graff's London establishment in manufacturer account", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "brand heritage origin" }, { "label": "Registered incorporation", "value": "1960-12-23", "scope": "Graff Diamonds Limited, Companies House company 00678883", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00678883", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "legal company incorporation" }, { "label": "Website operator", "value": "Graff Diamonds Limited", "scope": "International English website terms; not every group entity", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/legal-and-privacy/terms-and-conditions-of-use.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Company number", "value": "00678883", "scope": "Normalized eight-digit Companies House number", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00678883", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Lesedi La Rona acquisition announcement", "value": "2017-09", "scope": "Manufacturer announcement of acquisition from Lucara", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/acquires-the-lesedi-la-rona.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "named stone acquisition announcement" }, { "label": "Lesedi La Rona rough weight", "value": 1109, "scope": "Manufacturer named rough account; not finished weight", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/acquires-the-lesedi-la-rona.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct" }, { "label": "Graff Lesedi La Rona finished weight", "value": 302.37, "scope": "Named polished diamond, manufacturer account; report/record not independently reviewed", "source_ids": [ "s8" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/famous-diamonds/lesedi-la-rona.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct" } ], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Laurence Graff", "scope": "Founder named in manufacturer London 1960 establishment account", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "House establishment", "value": "1960", "scope": "Laurence Graff's London establishment in manufacturer account", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "brand heritage origin" }, { "label": "Registered incorporation", "value": "1960-12-23", "scope": "Graff Diamonds Limited, Companies House company 00678883", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00678883", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "legal company incorporation" }, { "label": "Website operator", "value": "Graff Diamonds Limited", "scope": "International English website terms; not every group entity", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/legal-and-privacy/terms-and-conditions-of-use.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Company number", "value": "00678883", "scope": "Normalized eight-digit Companies House number", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00678883", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Lesedi La Rona acquisition announcement", "value": "2017-09", "scope": "Manufacturer announcement of acquisition from Lucara", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/acquires-the-lesedi-la-rona.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "named stone acquisition announcement" }, { "label": "Lesedi La Rona rough weight", "value": 1109, "scope": "Manufacturer named rough account; not finished weight", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/acquires-the-lesedi-la-rona.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct" }, { "label": "Graff Lesedi La Rona finished weight", "value": 302.37, "scope": "Named polished diamond, manufacturer account; report/record not independently reviewed", "source_ids": [ "s8" ], "source_url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/famous-diamonds/lesedi-la-rona.html", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct" } ], "current_legal_entity": "Graff Diamonds Limited", "current_owner": null, "current_share_register": null, "model_or_calibre_scope": "Jewellery profile: dates, materials and mechanisms apply to the named collection or reference only; no watch-calibre specification or universal innovation priority is asserted.", "licensed_product_photographs": [], "original_diagrams": [], "current_legal_entity_status": "Named international-English website operator, cross-checked to company 00678883; not assumed to be every group entity", "current_legal_entity_source_ids": [ "s3", "s4" ], "owner_status": "Family involvement is described by the manufacturer, but no complete current shareholder percentage table was reviewed", "owner_source_ids": [ "s2" ], "ownership_percentage": null, "legal_entity_continuity_from_origin": null }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s1", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s1", "title": "The House of Graff", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer places Laurence Graff's London establishment in 1960; not a complete legal or ownership history.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s2", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s2", "title": "This is Graff", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/graff.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer account of family involvement in stone selection and production; universal superiority claims are not adopted and shareholder percentages are not supplied.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s3", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s3", "title": "Terms and Conditions of Use", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/legal-and-privacy/terms-and-conditions-of-use.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Names Graff Diamonds Limited as website operator. Its printed company-number string omits a leading zero; the normalized number is taken from Companies House, not guessed from the legal page.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s4", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s4", "title": "GRAFF DIAMONDS LIMITED — company overview", "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00678883", "publisher": "Companies House", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Active company 00678883, incorporated 23 December 1960. The register warns it does not check filed-information accuracy. This overview is not a complete group/shareholder audit.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s5", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s5", "title": "Diamond Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/diamond-quality-factor", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "General primary gemmological education on the 4Cs, fancy cuts and metric carat weight; does not grade or authenticate a specific Graff stone.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s6", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s6", "title": "Celebrating the Emerald Cut", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/celebrating-the-emerald-cut.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer design description of emerald-cut diamonds and their angular facets; not a universal measured light-performance comparison.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s7", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s7", "title": "Graff Acquires the Lesedi La Rona", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/acquires-the-lesedi-la-rona.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer announcement labelled September 2017 names acquisition from Lucara, 1,109 ct rough and Karowe/Botswana. Record superlatives, price and negotiating anecdote are not adopted.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s8", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s8", "title": "Introducing the Graff Lesedi La Rona", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/famous-diamonds/lesedi-la-rona.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer reports 302.37 ct finished stone and more than 18 months' craftsmanship from 1,109 ct rough. Its GIA/world-record superlatives are not independently verified; individual grading report was not reviewed.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s9", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s9", "title": "Making of a Masterpiece — No. 1: Diamond Earrings", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/house/news/making-masterpiece-no-1-diamond-earrings.html", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer describes Mayfair atelier, tools and more than 100 hours for many pieces, not all jewellery or a universally required duration.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-graff::s10", "article_id": "house-graff", "id": "s10", "title": "Butterfly", "url": "https://www.graff.com/international-en/jewellery-collections/view-by-collection/butterfly/", "publisher": "Graff", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Current collection catalogue supports butterfly motif and named silhouette/pavé variations. Product totals, prices and availability are deliberately not transferred as enduring facts.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "house-mikimoto", "name": "Mikimoto", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Primary-source profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred.", "article_ids": [ "house-mikimoto" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-mikimoto.html" ], "word_count": 976, "summary": "From a half pearl attached to a shell to a strand, a workshop and a monumental bell, Mikimoto’s history connects living growth with the deliberate work of making jewellery.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "milestone", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline", "mikimoto-brand-history", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "milestone", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline", "mikimoto-brand-history", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "contributors", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-cultured-history-gia", "mikimoto-nagai-history", "mikimoto-brand-history" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "milestone", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline", "mikimoto-brand-history", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "workshop", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-brand-history" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "liberty-bell", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-museum-catalogue", "mikimoto-government-museum-feature", "mikimoto-pearl-museum" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "contributors", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-cultured-history-gia", "mikimoto-nagai-history", "mikimoto-brand-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "living-material", "source_ids": [ "gia-pearl-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "workshop", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-brand-history" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "section_id": "liberty-bell", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-museum-catalogue", "mikimoto-government-museum-feature", "mikimoto-pearl-museum" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Kokichi Mikimoto", "scope": "Cultivation entrepreneur and founder in manufacturer and affiliated historical accounts; no sole universal discovery attribution", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-brand-history", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ] }, { "name": "Tokichi Nishikawa; Tatsuhei Mise", "scope": "Separate spherical-cultivation contributors; distinct research and patent histories", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-cultured-history-gia", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ] }, { "name": "Kakichi Mitsukuri; Otokichi Kuwabara", "scope": "Scientific advice and technical work described in the affiliated academic review", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-nagai-history" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "Hemispherical blister cultivation", "value": "1893", "scope": "Shell-attached result; not the later free spherical cultivation milestone", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-nagai-history" ], "date_type": "cultivation_result", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Business founding", "value": "1899-03", "scope": "Company outline distinguishes the trading business from later incorporation", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline" ], "date_type": "business_founding", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Incorporation", "value": "1949-05", "scope": "Current company’s stated corporate establishment", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline" ], "date_type": "incorporation", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Liberty Bell", "value": "1939", "scope": "Maker/date in December 2024-onward museum list; marked photographic exhibit", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-museum-catalogue" ], "date_type": "documented_object_date", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null } ], "current_legal_entity": "K. Mikimoto & Co., Ltd.", "current_owner": null, "model_or_calibre_scope": "Pearl cultivation, selection and jewellery-workshop history; no watch-calibre or undocumented proprietary mounting claim.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/pearl-form-two-questions.svg", "alt": "Two simplified shell cross-sections. A hemispherical blister pearl is attached to a shell; a spherical pearl is shown separately. The drawing compares form and attachment, not a full cultivation procedure.", "caption": "Original editorial comparison of an attached hemispherical form and a separate spherical form. It explains why the 1893 result must not be silently renamed a modern round pearl. Simplified, not to scale, and not a cultivation protocol.", "width": 1000, "height": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline", "mikimoto-brand-history", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ], "evidence_section_id": "milestone", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "706fd1ec680e90c1edf1de8dafadff66a1975d9d6e5fb71c3c25418bee4c1994" } ] }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-company-outline", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-company-outline", "title": "Mikimoto: company outline", "url": "https://recruit.mikimoto.com/company/outline.html", "publisher": "K. Mikimoto & Co., Ltd.", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "company_legal_profile", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Japanese company disclosure distinguishes March 1899 business founding from May 1949 corporate establishment; not a complete shareholder register.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese company-outline HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; business founding and incorporation labels were checked separately.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-brand-history", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-brand-history", "title": "Mikimoto: brand story", "url": "https://recruit.mikimoto.com/brand-story.html", "publisher": "K. Mikimoto & Co., Ltd.", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "manufacturer_history", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Brand priority and pioneering claims remain attributed. Japanese substantive text read; current store totals and advertising superlatives omitted.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese manufacturer-history HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; priority language was retained only as attributed brand positioning.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-cultured-history-gia", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-cultured-history-gia", "title": "GIA: History of Cultured Pearls, Part 1", "url": "https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/history-cultured-pearls-part-1/", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "gemological_historical_education", "independence": "independent_of_profiled_houses", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "Dated 30 June 2014 overview supports multiple contributors; its compressed market and patent chronology is not a substitute for original patent files.", "review_provenance": "Direct GIA historical article HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; named contributors and the secondary nature of its patent chronology were reviewed.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-nagai-history", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-nagai-history", "title": "Kiyohito Nagai: A History of the Cultured Pearl Industry (2013)", "url": "https://jp-pearl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/books002_A-History-of-the-Cultured-Pearl-Industry.pdf", "publisher": "Zoological Society of Japan; hosted by Japan Pearl Promotion Society", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "affiliated_academic_review", "independence": "mikimoto_affiliated_author", "access_status": "PDF substantive text read", "limits": "Nagai was based at Mikimoto’s Pearl Research Laboratory. Read the 27-page accessible manuscript; this academic review is not independent of Mikimoto. Patent dates are secondary reporting; no disputed exact priority is settled here.", "review_provenance": "Accessible 27-page academic manuscript read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; author affiliation, blister versus spherical results and patent-history limitations were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-pearl-museum", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-pearl-museum", "title": "Mikimoto Pearl Island: Pearl Museum", "url": "https://www.mikimoto-pearl-island.jp/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8", "publisher": "Mikimoto Pearl Island", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "maker_museum_collection_description", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Institution operated within the Mikimoto group. Gallery context does not establish that every pictured original is currently on display.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese museum HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; maker-operated collection context was checked without assuming the physical display of every illustrated object.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-museum-catalogue", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-museum-catalogue", "title": "Pearl Museum: exhibition list, Age of Cultured Pearls", "url": "https://www.mikimoto-pearl-island.jp/_files/ugd/1a444e_9d13143006614199ad5255b2f64a60c5.pdf", "publisher": "Mikimoto Pearl Island", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "maker_museum_dated_inventory", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "PDF substantive text read", "limits": "Two-page Japanese inventory headed December 2024 onward. Liberty Bell 1939 and Yaguruma 1937 are marked photographic exhibits; maker/date evidence does not establish their current physical whereabouts.", "review_provenance": "Two-page Japanese museum inventory PDF read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; the December 2024-onward heading, 1939 Liberty Bell entry and photographic-exhibit notation were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::mikimoto-government-museum-feature", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "mikimoto-government-museum-feature", "title": "Highlighting Japan: Mikimoto Pearl Museum, December 2011", "url": "https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/201112/201112_13.html", "publisher": "Government of Japan, Cabinet Office", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "government_museum_feature", "independence": "separate_publisher_museum_feature_not_object_authentication", "access_status": "Substantive indexed text read; direct HTML and linked issue PDF returned 403", "limits": "Institutional feature reports 12,250 pearls and 366 diamonds in the Liberty Bell replica and New York exhibition. Counts are reported, not independently recounted here. Not sole maker/date evidence.", "review_provenance": "Substantive indexed government-feature text read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; direct HTML and issue PDF returned 403. Reported pearl/diamond figures were recorded with this access limitation.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::gia-pearl-overview", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "gia-pearl-overview", "title": "GIA: Pearl", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/pearl", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "gemological_education", "independence": "independent_of_profiled_houses", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "Supports formation and material terminology; does not authenticate a house product.", "review_provenance": "Direct GIA pearl overview HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; formation and natural/cultured terminology were checked for material context.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::gia-pearl-quality", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "gia-pearl-quality", "title": "GIA: Pearl Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/pearl-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "gemological_education", "independence": "independent_of_profiled_houses", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "Supports quality dimensions and matching; does not verify a manufacturer’s proprietary selection thresholds.", "review_provenance": "Direct GIA quality-factor HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; the seven quality dimensions and matching were checked without grading a branded product.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mikimoto::gia-pearl-care", "article_id": "house-mikimoto", "id": "gia-pearl-care", "title": "GIA: Pearl Care and Cleaning Guide", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/pearl-care-cleaning", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "gemological_education", "independence": "independent_of_profiled_houses", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "General pearl care; condition, settings, adhesives and stringing still require piece-specific assessment.", "review_provenance": "Direct GIA care-guide HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; cleaning and handling guidance was checked with piece-specific limits.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/pearl-form-two-questions.svg", "alt": "Two simplified shell cross-sections. A hemispherical blister pearl is attached to a shell; a spherical pearl is shown separately. The drawing compares form and attachment, not a full cultivation procedure.", "caption": "Original editorial comparison of an attached hemispherical form and a separate spherical form. It explains why the 1893 result must not be silently renamed a modern round pearl. Simplified, not to scale, and not a cultivation protocol.", "width": 1000, "height": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "mikimoto-company-outline", "mikimoto-brand-history", "mikimoto-nagai-history" ], "evidence_section_id": "milestone", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "706fd1ec680e90c1edf1de8dafadff66a1975d9d6e5fb71c3c25418bee4c1994" } ], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "house-tasaki", "name": "TASAKI", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Primary-source profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred.", "article_ids": [ "house-tasaki" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-tasaki.html" ], "word_count": 986, "summary": "A cultivation business became a contemporary design house. The balance ring makes that change visible through the meeting of individual pearls and a deliberately rigid line.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "beginnings", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-outline", "tasaki-company-history" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "beginnings", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-outline", "tasaki-company-history" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "beginnings", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-outline", "tasaki-company-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "new-line", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history", "tasaki-balance-design-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "dated-record", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history", "tasaki-japan-sales-operator" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "balance-object", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-balance-primary-2013", "tasaki-balance-signature-object" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "cultivation", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-pearl-farm-process", "gia-pearl-overview" ] }, { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "selection", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-balance-design-history", "gia-pearl-quality" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "new-line", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history", "tasaki-balance-design-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "balance-object", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-balance-primary-2013", "tasaki-balance-signature-object" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-tasaki", "section_id": "ownership", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history", "mbk-tasaki-investment-2017", "mbk-mbo-confirmation", "tasaki-shareholder-change-2024", "unison-tasaki-investment", "tasaki-company-outline" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Shunsaku Tasaki", "scope": "Business founder in the company timeline", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history" ] }, { "name": "Jinsaku Tasaki", "scope": "Founder’s father and 1933 farm antecedent; distinct from the later legal company", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history" ] }, { "name": "Thakoon Panichgul", "scope": "Maker-attributed balance designer;2009 appointment and 2010 debut", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-balance-design-history", "tasaki-balance-primary-2013" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "Business founding", "value": "1954-01-10", "scope": "Trading-business date distinct from corporate establishment", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-outline" ], "date_type": "business_founding", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Company establishment", "value": "1959-12-11", "scope": "Company outline and reorganisation timeline", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-outline", "tasaki-company-history" ], "date_type": "incorporation", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "balance debut", "value": "2010", "scope": "Maker’s design-history date", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-balance-design-history" ], "date_type": "collection_debut", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Delisting", "value": "2017-07-27", "scope": "Exact date in company investor-relations account", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-shareholder-change-2024" ], "date_type": "delisting", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Shareholder change", "value": "2024-11", "scope": "Funds managed by FountainVest and Unison acquired shares; management also invested; percentages undisclosed", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-shareholder-change-2024", "unison-tasaki-investment" ], "date_type": "investment", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "De Beers contract end", "value": "2026-06", "scope": "Company timeline expressly ends earlier sightholder contract", "source_ids": [ "tasaki-company-history" ], "date_type": "contract_end", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null } ], "current_legal_entity": "株式会社TASAKI / TASAKI & Co., Ltd.", "current_owner": "株式会社TASAKIホールディングス (immediate parent as stated by TASAKI)", "model_or_calibre_scope": "Pearl cultivation and the documented balance signature ring; current product-reference dimensions do not define every historical version; no watch-calibre claim." }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-company-outline", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-company-outline", "title": "TASAKI: company outline", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/corporate/outline/", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "company_legal_profile", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Japanese corporate summary distinguishes business founding 10 January 1954 from establishment 11 December 1959 and names TASAKI Holdings as parent; not a complete registry or shareholder register.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese company-outline HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; founding, establishment and immediate holding-company identity were checked separately.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-company-history", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-company-history", "title": "TASAKI: corporate history", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/corporate/history/", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "manufacturer_corporate_timeline", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Dated events are manufacturer records. It explicitly records the end of the De Beers sightholder contract in June 2026; current sightholder status must not be claimed.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese corporate-history HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; dated family/business events and the June 2026 De Beers contract end were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-shareholder-change-2024", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-shareholder-change-2024", "title": "TASAKI: investor-relations shareholder change", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/corporate/ir/", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "company_transaction_announcement", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "November 2024 acquisition by funds managed by FountainVest and Unison, plus management investment; percentages, individual vehicles, price and ultimate owners not disclosed.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese investor-relations HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; November 2024 investors and 27 July 2017 delisting were checked; no share percentages were supplied.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::unison-tasaki-investment", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "unison-tasaki-investment", "title": "Unison Capital: investments, TASAKI", "url": "https://www.unisoncap.com/en/investments/", "publisher": "Unison Capital", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "investor_portfolio_record", "independence": "interested_transaction_counterparty", "access_status": "Full substantive English HTML read", "limits": "November 2024 co-investment with FountainVest corroborates the interested parties’ transaction account; does not disclose percentages.", "review_provenance": "Direct English Unison investment-list HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; November 2024 TASAKI co-investment was checked as an interested investor statement.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::mbk-tasaki-investment-2017", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "mbk-tasaki-investment-2017", "title": "MBK Partners: TASAKI", "url": "https://www.mbkpartners.com/tasaki-2/", "publisher": "MBK Partners", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "historical_investor_portfolio_record", "independence": "interested_historical_investor", "access_status": "Full substantive English HTML read", "limits": "Records MBK Partners III and May 2017. An accessible historical portfolio page does not override the later shareholder change.", "review_provenance": "Direct English MBK portfolio HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; Fund III and May 2017 were checked as historical investment labels.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::mbk-mbo-confirmation", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "mbk-mbo-confirmation", "title": "MBK Partners: 2023 Annual Letter, 25 March 2024", "url": "https://www.mbkpartners.com/2023-annual-letter/", "publisher": "MBK Partners", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "dated_investor_statement", "independence": "interested_historical_investor", "access_status": "Full substantive English HTML read", "limits": "Identifies TASAKI among completed management buyouts; statement precedes the November 2024 shareholder change.", "review_provenance": "Direct English MBK annual-letter HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; the 25 March 2024 letter and retrospective management-buyout reference were checked before the later shareholder change.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-balance-design-history", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-balance-design-history", "title": "TASAKI: Balance Story", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/brand/pearl-story/balance-story/", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "maker_design_history", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Attributes balance to Thakoon Panichgul and dates debut to 2010; maker interpretation is not an independently ranked artistic priority.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese Balance Story HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; maker attribution to Thakoon Panichgul, 2010 debut and selection/arrangement account were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-balance-primary-2013", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-balance-primary-2013", "title": "TASAKI: New Colors in the balance pouch Series, 20 November 2013", "url": "https://prtimes.jp/a/?c=4388&f=d4388-20131119-8698.pdf&r=29", "publisher": "TASAKI, distributed by PRTimes", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "dated_maker_press_release", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Four-page substantive PDF read", "limits": "PDF page 4 describes original balance signature as five Akoya pearls on yellow gold. The pouch charm is another object with different materials.", "review_provenance": "Four-page dated maker release PDF read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; page 4 original balance signature materials were distinguished from the separate pouch charm.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-balance-signature-object", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-balance-signature-object", "title": "TASAKI: balance signature ring R-4398-18KYG", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/balance-signature-ring-r-4398-18kyg.html", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "current_maker_object_specification", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Current listed reference: five Akoya pearls, yellow gold, approximately 41 mm top and 8 mm pearls. Do not generalise measurements to every historic version or infer fineness solely from code.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese current product HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; exact R-4398-18KYG reference, stated materials and approximate dimensions were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-pearl-farm-process", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-pearl-farm-process", "title": "TASAKI: Pearl Farm Story", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/brand/pearl-story/pearl-farm/", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "maker_process_and_facility_account", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Own cultivation account, including farm dates and 3–4-year juvenile-oyster-to-pearl timescale; not an independently audited environmental or universal growth-duration claim.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese farm-process HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; own-process growth span and specific farm dates were checked without independent environmental verification.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::tasaki-japan-sales-operator", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "tasaki-japan-sales-operator", "title": "TASAKI: statutory sales disclosure", "url": "https://www.tasaki.co.jp/law/", "publisher": "TASAKI", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "legal_commercial_disclosure", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Identifies Japanese online-sales operator 株式会社TASAKI; not every regional seller or ultimate shareholder.", "review_provenance": "Direct Japanese statutory sales-disclosure HTML read by tasaki_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; named online-sales operator was checked for its stated Japanese-market scope.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::gia-pearl-overview", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "gia-pearl-overview", "title": "GIA: Pearl", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/pearl", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "gemological_education", "independence": "independent_of_profiled_houses", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "Supports formation and material terminology; does not authenticate a house product.", "review_provenance": "Direct GIA pearl overview HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; formation and natural/cultured terminology were checked for material context.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-tasaki::gia-pearl-quality", "article_id": "house-tasaki", "id": "gia-pearl-quality", "title": "GIA: Pearl Quality Factors", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/pearl-quality-factor", "publisher": "GIA", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "gemological_education", "independence": "independent_of_profiled_houses", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "Supports quality dimensions and matching; does not verify a manufacturer’s proprietary selection thresholds.", "review_provenance": "Direct GIA quality-factor HTML read by ancient_research on 5 October 2026 UTC; the seven quality dimensions and matching were checked without grading a branded product.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "house-georg-jensen", "name": "Georg Jensen", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Primary-source profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred.", "article_ids": [ "house-georg-jensen" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-georg-jensen.html" ], "word_count": 969, "summary": "A Copenhagen house read through Art Nouveau ornament, Torun's clasp and the distinction between a design date and a later reference launch.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Copenhagen heritage origin, distinct from current group heritage", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Founder distinct from collaborating designer", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Specific reference design and later launch dates separated", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "bangle", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Selected Art Nouveau and Torun language, not universal house style", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "design-language", "source_ids": [ "s1", "s2", "s3" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Named jewellery clasp as visible functional detail; no watch calibre or invention priority", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "bangle", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "scope": "Specific bangle reference and manufacturer interpretation", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "bangle", "source_ids": [ "s4" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "scope": "2023 agreement and reported acquisition/consolidation plus current group and regional operator; full share register unknown", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "section_id": "ownership", "source_ids": [ "s7", "s8", "s9", "s1", "s2" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "House origin", "value": "1904", "scope": "Georg Jensen's Copenhagen business, manufacturer heritage date; distinct from Fiskars group heritage", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/about", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "brand heritage origin" }, { "label": "Torun collaboration start", "value": "1967", "scope": "Manufacturer collection account; not design date of every Torun object", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "designer collaboration" }, { "label": "Torun Bangle design year", "value": "1968", "scope": "Named item 20000525 design year, not manufacture date of a vintage example", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "design" }, { "label": "Torun Bangle launch year", "value": "2014", "scope": "Named current reference 20000525 introduction, distinct from 1968 design", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "reference launch" }, { "label": "Torun Bangle material", "value": "Sterling silver", "scope": "Item 20000525 only", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Fiskars acquisition agreement announcement", "value": "2023-09-14", "scope": "Agreement concerning Georg Jensen Investment ApS, parent of Georg Jensen A/S", "source_ids": [ "s8" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-GeorgJensen_US-Library/default/dw3df1793c/images/content/georgjensen/georgjensen/pdf/financial-information/2023/Company_announcement.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "agreement announcement" }, { "label": "Acquired holding-company shares", "value": 100, "scope": "Historical completed acquisition of Georg Jensen Investment ApS reported on static investor page; not a fresh 2026 share-register check", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/investor-relations", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "percent", "uncertainty": "Current full share register not examined" }, { "label": "Fiskars reporting consolidation start", "value": "2023-10-01", "scope": "Reported financial consolidation date; not substituted for agreement date", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/investor-relations", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "financial consolidation" }, { "label": "US website operator", "value": "Georg Jensen, Inc.", "scope": "US website terms, distinct from Danish holding company and Fiskars group", "source_ids": [ "s9" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/terms-and-conditions", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Current group affiliation", "value": "Fiskars Group", "scope": "Brand affiliation on current manufacturer page and group brand listing, checked 2026-10-05", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/about", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Georg Jensen", "scope": "Founder named in Copenhagen 1904 heritage account", "source_ids": [ "s1" ] }, { "name": "Vivianna Torun Bülow-Hübe", "scope": "Collaborating designer/silversmith, collaboration dated 1967; not the house founder", "source_ids": [ "s3" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "House origin", "value": "1904", "scope": "Georg Jensen's Copenhagen business, manufacturer heritage date; distinct from Fiskars group heritage", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/about", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "brand heritage origin" }, { "label": "Torun collaboration start", "value": "1967", "scope": "Manufacturer collection account; not design date of every Torun object", "source_ids": [ "s3" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "designer collaboration" }, { "label": "Torun Bangle design year", "value": "1968", "scope": "Named item 20000525 design year, not manufacture date of a vintage example", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "design" }, { "label": "Torun Bangle launch year", "value": "2014", "scope": "Named current reference 20000525 introduction, distinct from 1968 design", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "reference launch" }, { "label": "Torun Bangle material", "value": "Sterling silver", "scope": "Item 20000525 only", "source_ids": [ "s4" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Fiskars acquisition agreement announcement", "value": "2023-09-14", "scope": "Agreement concerning Georg Jensen Investment ApS, parent of Georg Jensen A/S", "source_ids": [ "s8" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-GeorgJensen_US-Library/default/dw3df1793c/images/content/georgjensen/georgjensen/pdf/financial-information/2023/Company_announcement.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "agreement announcement" }, { "label": "Acquired holding-company shares", "value": 100, "scope": "Historical completed acquisition of Georg Jensen Investment ApS reported on static investor page; not a fresh 2026 share-register check", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/investor-relations", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "percent", "uncertainty": "Current full share register not examined" }, { "label": "Fiskars reporting consolidation start", "value": "2023-10-01", "scope": "Reported financial consolidation date; not substituted for agreement date", "source_ids": [ "s7" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/investor-relations", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_type": "financial consolidation" }, { "label": "US website operator", "value": "Georg Jensen, Inc.", "scope": "US website terms, distinct from Danish holding company and Fiskars group", "source_ids": [ "s9" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/terms-and-conditions", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "label": "Current group affiliation", "value": "Fiskars Group", "scope": "Brand affiliation on current manufacturer page and group brand listing, checked 2026-10-05", "source_ids": [ "s1" ], "source_url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/about", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "current_legal_entity": "Georg Jensen, Inc.", "current_owner": "Fiskars Group", "current_share_register": null, "model_or_calibre_scope": "Jewellery profile: dates, materials and mechanisms apply to the named collection or reference only; no watch-calibre specification or universal innovation priority is asserted.", "licensed_product_photographs": [], "original_diagrams": [], "current_legal_entity_status": "US website operator only; not identified with the acquired Danish holding company", "current_legal_entity_source_ids": [ "s9" ], "owner_status": "Current group affiliation checked on manufacturer and group pages; historical 100% transaction scoped to Georg Jensen Investment ApS; current full share register unknown", "owner_source_ids": [ "s1", "s2", "s7" ], "ownership_percentage": null, "legal_entity_continuity_from_origin": null }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s1", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s1", "title": "About Georg Jensen", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/about", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer heritage account supports Copenhagen 1904, founder's stated philosophy and Art Nouveau vocabulary. The page's 1649 group reference is Fiskars history, not Georg Jensen's founding date.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s2", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s2", "title": "Georg Jensen", "url": "https://fiskarsgroup.com/brands/georg-jensen/", "publisher": "Fiskars Group", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Current group brand listing and heritage/style account. Brand listing is not a complete legal subsidiary list or current shareholder register.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s3", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s3", "title": "Torun Collection", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer dates collaboration with Vivianna Torun Bülow-Hübe to 1967 and describes organic forms. Universal first-woman/global-recognition claims are not adopted; current catalogue is not a complete historical output list.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s4", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s4", "title": "Torun Bangle — item 20000525", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/jewelry/torun/torun-bangle/20000525.html?cgid=Jewellery_140", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Specific current sterling-silver reference has design year 1968 and launch year 2014, with hook-and-loop clasp description. These dates/material do not describe every Torun bangle; symbolism remains manufacturer interpretation.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s5", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s5", "title": "Jewelry materials and diamonds", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/materials-jewelry", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer materials policy describes 18 kt gold, sterling-silver diamond jewellery and natural/untreated diamonds unless otherwise specified. Not a laboratory report for an individual jewel; simplistic light/clarity marketing generalizations are not adopted.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s6", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s6", "title": "Georg Jensen Product Care — Jewellery", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/product-care-jewelry-watches", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Manufacturer care guidance distinguishes tarnish, deliberate oxidised ornament, rhodium coatings and delicate gemstones. Advice must be matched to the individual finish/material; no generic cleaning recipe or guarantee is inferred.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s7", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s7", "title": "Investor Relations", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/investor-relations", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "Static investor notice reports Fiskars acquired 100% of Georg Jensen Investment ApS shares and consolidation from 1 October 2023; expressly no longer updated. Historical transaction percentage is not represented as a freshly reviewed 2026 share register.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s8", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s8", "title": "Georg Jensen announces strategic ownership transition and growth prospects with Fiskars as new owner", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-GeorgJensen_US-Library/default/dw3df1793c/images/content/georgjensen/georgjensen/pdf/financial-information/2023/Company_announcement.pdf", "publisher": "Georg Jensen A/S", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "14 September 2023 announcement identifies signed agreement concerning Georg Jensen Investment ApS, parent of Georg Jensen A/S. Announcement alone is not completion; completion/consolidation is sourced separately to investor notice.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-georg-jensen::s9", "article_id": "house-georg-jensen", "id": "s9", "title": "Terms and Conditions", "url": "https://www.georgjensen.com/en-us/terms-and-conditions", "publisher": "Georg Jensen", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_utc": "2026-10-05T15:59:06Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "limits": "US website terms explicitly name Georg Jensen, Inc. as operator; this regional role is distinct from the Danish acquired company and Fiskars group.", "review_provenance": "Primary page text actually opened and read by /root/content_quality using web tools on 2026-10-05 UTC; fresh research for phase 205, not an inherited handoff.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "house-damiani", "name": "Damiani", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Primary-source profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred.", "article_ids": [ "house-damiani" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-damiani.html" ], "word_count": 992, "summary": "Valenza craft, Gabriella Damiani’s Shark bracelet and a changing corporate portfolio show why a jewellery house and its holding structure need separate histories.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "valenza", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "valenza", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history" ] }, { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "succession", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history", "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "listing", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history", "damiani-takeover-2018", "damiani-offer-results-2019", "damiani-delisting-2019", "damiani-borsa-delisting" ] }, { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "group", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history", "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "shark", "source_ids": [ "damiani-annual-report-2013" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "shark", "source_ids": [ "damiani-annual-report-2013" ] }, { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "production", "source_ids": [ "damiani-annual-report-2013" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "shark", "source_ids": [ "damiani-annual-report-2013" ] }, { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "succession", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history", "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "listing", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history", "damiani-takeover-2018", "damiani-offer-results-2019", "damiani-delisting-2019", "damiani-borsa-delisting" ] }, { "article_id": "house-damiani", "section_id": "group", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history", "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": {}, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Enrico Damiani", "scope": "Founder credited in company history", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history" ] }, { "name": "Gabriella Damiani", "scope": "Shark/Bocca di Squalo designer attributed by the later issuer annual report", "source_ids": [ "damiani-annual-report-2013" ] }, { "name": "Guido, Silvia and Giorgio Damiani", "scope": "Third-generation family management described in 1 July 2026 joint release; current individual share percentages unknown", "source_ids": [ "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "Business foundation", "value": "1924", "scope": "Company history’s Valenza founding date", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history" ], "date_type": "business_founding", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Shark recognition", "value": "1976", "scope": "Retrospective issuer report gives first Diamonds International Award and maker/material context", "source_ids": [ "damiani-annual-report-2013" ], "date_type": "design_recognition", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Milan listing", "value": "2007-11", "scope": "Explicit archival company-history date", "source_ids": [ "damiani-ir-history" ], "date_type": "listing", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Delisting", "value": "2019-04-26", "scope": "Issuer completion notice corroborated by exchange record", "source_ids": [ "damiani-delisting-2019", "damiani-borsa-delisting" ], "date_type": "delisting", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null }, { "label": "Baume & Mercier acquisition", "value": "2026-07-01", "scope": "100% of the acquired watchmaker, not a percentage of Damiani ownership", "source_ids": [ "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026" ], "date_type": "acquisition_completion", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "uncertainty": null } ], "current_legal_entity": "Damiani S.p.A. (website owner/controller in the 27 August 2026 policy)", "current_owner": null, "model_or_calibre_scope": "Shark/Bocca di Squalo materials and design authorship; production coordination and pavé context, without a claimed clasp innovation or watch calibre." }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-ir-history", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-ir-history", "title": "Damiani Investor Relations: The History", "url": "https://investorrelations.damiani.com/ENG/page/the_group/the_history.php", "publisher": "Damiani", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "manufacturer_corporate_history", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Full substantive text read in web tools", "limits": "Undated archival company history. Use explicit November 2007 listing date, not its looser transition language; archived present-tense roles do not establish current appointments.", "review_provenance": "Direct English corporate-history HTML read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; dated Valenza, family, listing and portfolio events were checked as archival first-party statements.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-annual-report-2013", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-annual-report-2013", "title": "Damiani: Annual Report 2012/2013", "url": "https://www.borsaitaliana.it/comitato-corporate-governance/documenti/governanceenglish/damiani.en.pdf", "publisher": "Damiani; hosted by Borsa Italiana", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "issuer_annual_report", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Substantive PDF read", "limits": "Year ended 31 March 2013. Printed pp 7 and 33 support Shark/Bocca di Squalo 1976, Gabriella, yellow gold/platinum and over 41 ct diamond pavé; p 11 describes production. Retrospective maker reporting; inconsistent award totals and universal record claims omitted.", "review_provenance": "Issuer annual-report PDF read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; printed pages 7, 11 and 33 were checked for Shark, materials, designer and period-specific production organisation.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-takeover-2018", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-takeover-2018", "title": "Leading Jewels: takeover announcement, 28 December 2018", "url": "https://investorrelations.damiani.com/php/downloadFile/downloadFile.php?catImg=2&crop=0&def_img=&default_table=_product_download&mode=product&n=2&online=1&prod_down=0&product_code=0000003089", "publisher": "Leading Jewels S.A., issuer archive", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "legal_takeover_announcement", "independence": "interested_transaction_party", "access_status": "Substantive legal document read", "limits": "Historical chain distinguishes Luxembourg bidder, issuer and family/concert parties. No current shareholder percentages inferred.", "review_provenance": "Dated 28 December 2018 legal offer document read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; historical bidder, issuer and concert-party identities were kept separate.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-offer-results-2019", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-offer-results-2019", "title": "Leading Jewels: definitive tender-offer results, 18 March 2019", "url": "https://investorrelations.damiani.com/php/downloadFile/downloadFile.php?catImg=2&crop=0&def_img=&default_table=_product_download&mode=product&n=2&online=1&prod_down=0&product_code=0000003160", "publisher": "Leading Jewels S.A., issuer archive", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "legal_tender_offer_result", "independence": "interested_transaction_party", "access_status": "Substantive legal document read", "limits": "96.772% concerns bidder plus concert parties, with treasury shares in the stated calculation and 20 March 2019 payment context; not bidder-only or current family ownership.", "review_provenance": "Dated 18 March 2019 legal results document read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; 96.772% party/calculation scope and payment context were checked without making a current ownership claim.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-delisting-2019", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-delisting-2019", "title": "Leading Jewels: completed delisting, 26 April 2019", "url": "https://investorrelations.damiani.com/php/downloadFile/downloadFile.php?catImg=2&crop=0&def_img=&default_table=_product_download&mode=product&n=2&online=1&prod_down=0&product_code=0000003163", "publisher": "Leading Jewels S.A., issuer archive", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "legal_transaction_completion", "independence": "interested_transaction_party", "access_status": "Substantive legal document read", "limits": "Records remaining-share procedure and delisting effective 26 April 2019; a historical completed transaction, not a current capital table.", "review_provenance": "Dated 26 April 2019 completion document read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; remaining-share procedure and delisting effective date were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-borsa-delisting", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-borsa-delisting", "title": "Borsa Italiana: companies delisted through 30 December 2019", "url": "https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsaitaliana/statistiche/mediaitaliano/statistiche/mercatoprimario/2019/revoche.en.pdf", "publisher": "Borsa Italiana", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "exchange_statistical_record", "independence": "independent_exchange_record", "access_status": "Substantive PDF read", "limits": "Final page independently corroborates 26 April 2019 MTA delisting after Leading Jewels’ offer; not current private-company ownership.", "review_provenance": "Borsa Italiana exchange PDF read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; the 26 April 2019 Damiani delisting entry independently corroborated the issuer notice.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-current-legal-operator", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-current-legal-operator", "title": "Privacy Policy of www.damiani.com", "url": "https://www.iubenda.com/privacy-policy/12198749/legal", "publisher": "Damiani, via Iubenda", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "first_party_legal_disclosure", "independence": "interested_first_party", "access_status": "Substantive legal policy read", "limits": "Version updated 27 August 2026 names Damiani S.p.A. as owner/controller, Valenza registered office and 01457570065 company/tax identifier; does not identify every regional seller or ultimate shareholder.", "review_provenance": "Direct legal-policy HTML read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; 27 August 2026 version, Damiani S.p.A. controller and registered-office identity were checked for website scope.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "house-damiani::damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026", "article_id": "house-damiani", "id": "damiani-baume-mercier-completion-2026", "title": "Richemont and Damiani Group: completion of Baume & Mercier acquisition", "url": "https://www.richemont.com/news-media/press-releases-news/richemont-and-the-damiani-group-announce-the-completion-of-the-acquisition-of-baume-mercier-by-the-damiani-group/", "publisher": "Richemont and Damiani Group", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_timezone": "UTC", "evidence_type": "joint_transaction_completion_release", "independence": "interested_counterparty_joint_announcement", "access_status": "Full substantive HTML read", "limits": "Dated 1 July 2026.100% concerns Baume & Mercier, not Damiani Group. Financial terms undisclosed; interim Richemont services and family management stated.", "review_provenance": "Direct joint Richemont/Damiani announcement HTML read by damiani_primary on 5 October 2026 UTC; 1 July 2026 completion, the acquired business’s 100% and interim-services scope were checked.", "verification_status": "Researcher-read source content; scope and access limits recorded in this source record.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-calcite", "name": "Calcite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Calcite group / carbonates", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-calcite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-calcite.html" ], "word_count": 1209, "summary": "Calcite connects visible double refraction with rocks, precision optics and traceable carved objects; its softness, cleavage and acid sensitivity shape how it should be handled.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "alabaster-and-provenance", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford", "calcite-herod", "calcite-herod-correction" ] } ], "scope": "Species versus rocks and ambiguous ornamental names." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Clear composition, hardness and cleavage only; optical tables deliberately omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "crystal-forms", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "light-two-paths", "source_ids": [ "calcite-waterloo", "calcite-ri" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "documented-gems", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11682", "calcite-smithsonian-11452" ] } ], "scope": "Visible doubling, habit and named gem examples, not exhaustive causes of colour." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "formation", "source_ids": [ "calcite-waterloo" ] } ], "scope": "Representative processes, not one origin for all calcite." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "crystal-forms", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "optical-history", "source_ids": [ "calcite-kristjansson" ] } ], "scope": "Documented examples; no live production or individual provenance guarantee." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "origin-and-treatments", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook", "gia-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "General disclosure framework; present calcite treatment prevalence unverified." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "origin-and-treatments", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook", "gia-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "Synthetic reference recorded; commercial prevalence unverified." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Property and condition-aware conservative guidance." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "optical-history", "source_ids": [ "calcite-kristjansson" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "alabaster-and-provenance", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford", "calcite-herod", "calcite-herod-correction" ] } ], "scope": "Surviving records and sample-bounded archaeology; first human use unknown." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "crystal-forms", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "documented-gems", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11682", "calcite-smithsonian-11452" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-calcite", "section_id": "alabaster-and-provenance", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford", "calcite-herod", "calcite-herod-correction" ] } ], "scope": "Named specimens, objects and corrected research." } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal composition": "CaCO3", "Mohs hardness": "3 Mohs", "Cleavage": "Perfect rhombohedral", "Mass of NMNH G11682": "27.95 ct", "Mass of NMNH G11452": "293.27 ct" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaCO3", "scope": "Identified species; an aggregate need not be pure.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": 3, "scope": "Descriptive species property, distinct from toughness.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Approximate scratch resistance; no reader scratch test.", "uncertainty": "Not a condition assessment of an individual object." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Perfect rhombohedral", "scope": "Species description; existing breaks and growth faces require separate interpretation.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mass of NMNH G11682", "value": 27.95, "scope": "This named collection object only.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11682" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026717", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct", "conditions": "Catalog measurement; not a typical calcite size." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mass of NMNH G11452", "value": 293.27, "scope": "This named collection object only.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11452" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002911", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct", "conditions": "Catalog measurement; not a durability indicator." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Iceland spar (clear calcite)", "dogtooth calcite (crystal habit)", "calcite alabaster (carbonate ornamental material)" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaCO3", "scope": "Identified species; an aggregate need not be pure.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": 3, "scope": "Descriptive species property, distinct from toughness.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Approximate scratch resistance; no reader scratch test.", "uncertainty": "Not a condition assessment of an individual object." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Perfect rhombohedral", "scope": "Species description; existing breaks and growth faces require separate interpretation.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mass of NMNH G11682", "value": 27.95, "scope": "This named collection object only.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11682" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026717", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct", "conditions": "Catalog measurement; not a typical calcite size." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mass of NMNH G11452", "value": 293.27, "scope": "This named collection object only.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11452" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002911", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct", "conditions": "Catalog measurement; not a durability indicator." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Helgustadir, eastern Iceland", "scope": "Historically documented optical-calcite locality; no present access or production claim.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-kristjansson" ], "source_url": "https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/3/117/2012/hgss-3-117-2012.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Reynolds County, Missouri, United States", "scope": "Locality of described museum specimen UMNH-MC3999; not a finished-stone origin guarantee.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah" ], "source_url": "https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/what-is-calcite", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Harz region, Germany", "scope": "Locality of described museum specimen UMNH-MC2276; no operating-mine claim.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-utah" ], "source_url": "https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/what-is-calcite", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [ { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "gem-gypsum", "relationship_type": "terminology_comparison", "label": "Alabaster material distinction", "scope": "One ornamental label spans different chemistry; not identity equivalence.", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford" ], "source_url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "gem-rhodochrosite", "relationship_type": "solid_solution_reference", "label": "Calcite group comparison", "scope": "Handbook records a series; not a composition claim for every calcite object.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "gem-onyx", "relationship_type": "trade_name_disambiguation", "label": "Onyx marble versus quartz onyx", "scope": "Trade name comparison, not a common mineral identity.", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford" ], "source_url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "calcite-optical-record", "title": "The surviving Iceland spar record", "story_type": "historical_research", "section_id": "optical-history", "source_ids": [ "calcite-kristjansson" ], "scope": "Recorded scientific history, not first human discovery.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "Definite record 1668; Bartholin publication 1669." }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "calcite-bathtub-study", "title": "Testing the bathtub provenance assumption", "story_type": "primary_material_analysis", "section_id": "alabaster-and-provenance", "source_ids": [ "calcite-herod", "calcite-herod-correction" ], "scope": "Sample-bounded sourcing study read with correction.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "2022 study and correction." }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "calcite-pink-cut", "title": "Smithsonian fancy-cut calcite", "story_type": "museum_object", "section_id": "documented-gems", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11682" ], "scope": "Named object, not mine provenance or treatment proof.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "Gift recorded in 2018.", "object_id": "NMNH G11682" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "calcite-gray-cut", "title": "Michael Gray step-cut calcite", "story_type": "museum_object", "section_id": "documented-gems", "source_ids": [ "calcite-smithsonian-11452" ], "scope": "Object-specific cutting and donation record.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "Donation recorded in 2013.", "object_id": "NMNH G11452" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "optical-history", "alabaster-and-provenance", "documented-gems" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Material identification, natural or laboratory growth, later treatment, country history and present condition are separate questions. Experimental growth does not establish commercial prevalence or any offered stone origin.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations confer no image licence. No external photograph, diagram, film or paid asset was downloaded or used; only an original conceptual diagram proposal is supplied.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/calcite-light-two-paths.svg", "alt": "One incident-light arrow reaches a schematic calcite block. Two outgoing arrows illustrate distinct transmitted paths. Direction and polarisation affect the observation; there are no measured angles.", "caption": "Original conceptual map of double refraction in calcite. It does not depict two joined stones or a diagnostic test. Geometry is illustrative; the direction of observation and polarisation matter, and failure to see a double image does not establish material identity.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-waterloo", "calcite-ri" ], "evidence_section_id": "light-two-paths", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "22b8747fe1e0a19ac291627e25d6562047d3701661e00dbe7caca98e380dcb4d" } ] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-handbook", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Calcite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2001-2005 version 1", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Complete one-page PDF parsed text read. Screenshot returned a marker without image content; no visual table review claimed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Descriptive species properties and historical occurrence list. Refractive-index, density and optic-sign tables omitted. A synthetic powder-pattern record is not a market survey.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-utah", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-utah", "title": "What is Calcite?", "url": "https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/what-is-calcite", "publisher": "Natural History Museum of Utah", "institution": "Natural History Museum of Utah", "kind": "museum education and specimen records", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2023-09-12", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "HTML read, including captioned collection identifiers and cleavage/acid discussion; no images reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Selected crystal-habit and object claims only. The page crediting Pliny with the modern mineral name and its giant-crystal mass claim were not adopted; neither is needed for this narrative.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-waterloo", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-waterloo", "title": "Calcite, limestone and marble", "url": "https://uwaterloo.ca/earth-sciences-museum/resources/detailed-rocks-and-minerals-articles/calcite-limestone-and-marble", "publisher": "University of Waterloo Earth Sciences Museum", "institution": "University of Waterloo Earth Sciences Museum", "kind": "university museum education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML text read. Authors Kelly Snyder and Peter Russell; page date not displayed in the reviewed text.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Optical paths and distinctions between mineral and rock used. The retold broken-crystal anecdote, simplified universal limestone assertions and home acid instructions were not adopted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-kristjansson", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-kristjansson", "title": "Iceland spar and its influence on the development of science and technology in the period 1780-1930", "url": "https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/3/117/2012/hgss-3-117-2012.pdf", "publisher": "History of Geo- and Space Sciences / Copernicus Publications; Leo Kristjansson, University of Iceland", "institution": "History of Geo- and Space Sciences / Copernicus Publications; Leo Kristjansson, University of Iceland", "kind": "academic historical research", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2012", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Ten-page PDF parsed text read, especially early records and optical-instrument sections; associated publisher abstract also read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "A scholarly reconstruction based on historical literature, not direct inspection here of every seventeenth-century document. Definite surviving records are distinct from first human collection or discovery.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-ri", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-ri", "title": "Refraction and scattering of light", "url": "https://www.rigb.org/explore-science/explore/collection/refraction-and-scattering-light", "publisher": "Royal Institution", "institution": "Royal Institution", "kind": "institutional scientific film archive description", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Archive HTML description read. Embedded historical film was not watched, downloaded or reproduced.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Supports the described Bragg demonstration only. No claim about a film production date, all demonstrations or their numerical measurements; Crown copyright note retained as a reuse restriction.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::alabaster-oxford", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "alabaster-oxford", "title": "More about alabaster and travertine", "url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "publisher": "Oxford University Museum of Natural History; Monica T. Price", "institution": "Oxford University Museum of Natural History; Monica T. Price", "kind": "university museum material terminology guide", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2012", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "All three pages of PDF parsed text read, including gypsum/calcite distinction; no collection images reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Terminology depends on geological, archaeological and trade context. Etymology is uncertain in this source; generic alabaster or onyx-marble labels do not identify an individual object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-herod", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-herod", "title": "Sourcing Herod the Great's calcite-alabaster bathtubs by a multi-analytic approach", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11651-5", "publisher": "Scientific Reports / Springer Nature; Ayala Amir and colleagues", "institution": "Scientific Reports / Springer Nature; Ayala Amir and colleagues", "kind": "primary archaeological material-analysis research", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2022-05-07", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Publisher HTML full text read despite cookie-warning URL decoration; analytical comparison and conclusion read with linked 2022 correction.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Results apply to investigated Kypros and Herodium samples and the comparison set. Appearance alone is not provenance proof; this is not a universal sourcing key for every calcite carving.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-herod-correction", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-herod-correction", "title": "Author Correction: Sourcing Herod the Great's calcite-alabaster bathtubs by a multi-analytic approach", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13308-9", "publisher": "Scientific Reports / Springer Nature", "institution": "Scientific Reports / Springer Nature", "kind": "publisher correction", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2022-06-14", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Correction text accessed earlier in this session; later retry failed. Correction concerns Figure 4 resolution and Table 3 reporting; no numerical isotope table reproduced.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Correction is attached to the original study, not independent replication. No original or corrected isotope ranges reproduced.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-smithsonian-11682", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-smithsonian-11682", "title": "Calcite: NMNH G11682", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026717", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "museum named-object record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full GeoGallery HTML description and catalog row read; no photograph used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Catalog-specific mass, country label and description; donor date is an acquisition event, not mining or geological age. No locality within Mexico or treatment history supplied.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::calcite-smithsonian-11452", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "calcite-smithsonian-11452", "title": "Calcite: NMNH G11452", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002911", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "museum named-object record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full GeoGallery HTML description and catalog row read; no photograph used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Object-specific cut, mass, named cutter and donation record. The museum collection comparison is not a world-size record or current market rarity claim.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America; Robert Weldon", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America; Robert Weldon", "kind": "institutional gem education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML overview read, including treatment, coating, filling and care sections.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General educational framework, not a calcite or gypsum treatment-prevalence survey. No listed treatment is implied to be routine for these materials.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-calcite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-calcite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips on Caring for Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America", "kind": "institutional jewellery care education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML text read, including vibration, filled breaks, coatings, chemistry and heat cautions.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance supports conservative editorial precautions alongside material-specific sources. Its generic water recommendation is not transferred to gypsum or to every calcite/scapolite object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/calcite-light-two-paths.svg", "alt": "One incident-light arrow reaches a schematic calcite block. Two outgoing arrows illustrate distinct transmitted paths. Direction and polarisation affect the observation; there are no measured angles.", "caption": "Original conceptual map of double refraction in calcite. It does not depict two joined stones or a diagnostic test. Geometry is illustrative; the direction of observation and polarisation matter, and failure to see a double image does not establish material identity.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "calcite-waterloo", "calcite-ri" ], "evidence_section_id": "light-two-paths", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "22b8747fe1e0a19ac291627e25d6562047d3701661e00dbe7caca98e380dcb4d" } ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Iceland spar (clear calcite)", "dogtooth calcite (crystal habit)", "calcite alabaster (carbonate ornamental material)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-gypsum", "name": "Gypsum", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Hydrated calcium sulfates", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-gypsum" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-gypsum.html" ], "word_count": 1077, "summary": "Clear crystals, carved alabaster and giant Naica beams share hydrated calcium-sulfate chemistry; documented objects and growth measurements explain why texture, time and careful handling matter.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "forms-and-alabaster", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook", "alabaster-oxford" ] } ], "scope": "Hydrated sulfate species versus textures and the ambiguous alabaster label." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-nps-care" ] } ], "scope": "Readable formula, structure, hardness and cleavage; optical tables omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "forms-and-alabaster", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook", "alabaster-oxford" ] } ], "scope": "Texture, transparency and lustre, not exhaustive spectroscopy." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "formation-and-places", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook", "gypsum-naica-supplement" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "naica-growth", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-naica-growth" ] } ], "scope": "Representative settings and sample-bounded Naica research." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "formation-and-places", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook", "gypsum-naica-supplement" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "forms-and-alabaster", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook", "alabaster-oxford" ] } ], "scope": "Historical occurrences and object context; no present production or quarry proof." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "surface-history", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-nps-care" ] } ], "scope": "Applied finishes and restoration are documented; current gem-market prevalence unknown." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "laboratory-growth-and-identification", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-naica-growth", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Measured experimental surface growth; no commercial prevalence asserted." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-nps-care" ] } ], "scope": "Alabaster moisture, heat, finish and handling precautions; condition-specific limits retained." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "documented-worshiper", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-met-40156" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "homestake-evidence", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-homestake" ] } ], "scope": "A dated object and mission report, not first human recognition." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "naica-growth", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-naica-growth" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "documented-worshiper", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-met-40156" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "section_id": "homestake-evidence", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-homestake" ] } ], "scope": "Named composite artwork and bounded terrestrial/planetary research." } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal composition": "CaSO4.2H2O", "Crystal system": "Monoclinic", "Mohs hardness": "1.5-2 Mohs", "Primary cleavage": "Perfect on {010}", "Met object identifier": "40.156" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaSO4.2H2O", "scope": "Identified species; a carving may contain other materials.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Monoclinic", "scope": "Species structural description.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "1.5-2", "scope": "Descriptive, direction-dependent range; not toughness.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Varies with crystallographic direction.", "uncertainty": "Approximate source range; not a reader scratch-test instruction.", "value_type": "range", "minimum": 1.5, "maximum": 2 }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Primary cleavage", "value": "Perfect on {010}", "scope": "Species description; additional cleavage is described in the source.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Met object identifier", "value": "40.156", "scope": "Named museum object, not a mineral accession or discovery record.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-met-40156" ], "source_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "gypsum alabaster (fine-grained aggregate)", "gypsum rose (rosette crystal aggregate)", "fibrous gypsum (texture)" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "CaSO4.2H2O", "scope": "Identified species; a carving may contain other materials.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Monoclinic", "scope": "Species structural description.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "1.5-2", "scope": "Descriptive, direction-dependent range; not toughness.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Varies with crystallographic direction.", "uncertainty": "Approximate source range; not a reader scratch-test instruction.", "value_type": "range", "minimum": 1.5, "maximum": 2 }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Primary cleavage", "value": "Perfect on {010}", "scope": "Species description; additional cleavage is described in the source.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Met object identifier", "value": "40.156", "scope": "Named museum object, not a mineral accession or discovery record.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-met-40156" ], "source_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico", "scope": "Research setting for measured gypsum crystals; historical study, not current visitor access.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-naica-supplement" ], "source_url": "https://www.garciaruiz.net/Naica/Naica/Literatura_files/supplementary.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Volterra, Tuscany, Italy", "scope": "Historical ornamental gypsum-alabaster source, not an origin determination for a supplied carving.", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford" ], "source_url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Tell Asmar / ancient Eshnunna, Iraq", "scope": "Context of the named carved object; not established quarry provenance.", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-met-40156" ], "source_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [ { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "gem-calcite", "relationship_type": "terminology_comparison", "label": "Two alabaster materials", "scope": "Different carbonate and hydrated-sulfate material traditions; generic label alone insufficient.", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford" ], "source_url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "guide-rocks-and-organic-gems", "relationship_type": "mineral_aggregate_distinction", "label": "Fine-grained carving material", "scope": "Texture and object composition add information beyond species identity.", "source_ids": [ "alabaster-oxford" ], "source_url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gypsum-naica-measurement", "title": "Measuring ultraslow growth", "story_type": "primary_experimental_research", "section_id": "naica-growth", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-naica-growth" ], "scope": "Conditional laboratory measurements and model-based time estimates.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "2011 publication." }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gypsum-worshiper", "title": "Standing male worshiper", "story_type": "museum_object", "section_id": "documented-worshiper", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-met-40156" ], "scope": "Chemistry-qualified composite object and bounded curatorial interpretation.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "Museum dating ca. 2900-2600 BCE, not first gypsum use.", "object_id": "40.156" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gypsum-homestake-report", "title": "Homestake mission evidence", "story_type": "mission_observational_report", "section_id": "homestake-evidence", "source_ids": [ "gypsum-homestake" ], "scope": "Gypsum suggested by 2011 instruments; alternative sulfate phase retained.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "2011-12-07 announcement." } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "naica-growth", "documented-worshiper", "homestake-evidence" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Material identification, natural or laboratory growth, later treatment, country history and present condition are separate questions. Experimental growth does not establish commercial prevalence or any offered stone origin.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations confer no image licence. No external photograph, diagram, film or paid asset was downloaded or used; only an original conceptual diagram proposal is supplied." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gypsum-handbook", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gypsum-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Gypsum", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/gypsum.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2001-2005 version 1", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Complete one-page PDF parsed text read; formula, direction-dependent hardness and cleavage text clear. Screenshot produced no inspectable image block.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Species description and representative localities only. Numeric optical tables omitted. No universal age, pure composition for carvings or present mine activity inferred.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::alabaster-oxford", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "alabaster-oxford", "title": "More about alabaster and travertine", "url": "https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/files/pdf/Alabaster-travertine.pdf", "publisher": "Oxford University Museum of Natural History; Monica T. Price", "institution": "Oxford University Museum of Natural History; Monica T. Price", "kind": "university museum material terminology guide", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2012", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "All three pages of PDF parsed text read, including gypsum/calcite distinction; no collection images reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Terminology depends on geological, archaeological and trade context. Etymology is uncertain in this source; generic alabaster or onyx-marble labels do not identify an individual object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gypsum-naica-supplement", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gypsum-naica-supplement", "title": "The Formation of Natural Gypsum Megacrystals in Naica (Mexico): supplementary information", "url": "https://www.garciaruiz.net/Naica/Naica/Literatura_files/supplementary.pdf", "publisher": "Juan Manuel Garcia-Ruiz and colleagues; author-hosted GSA Data Repository supplementary information", "institution": "Juan Manuel Garcia-Ruiz and colleagues; author-hosted GSA Data Repository supplementary information", "kind": "primary geological research supplementary methods", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2007", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "All fourteen PDF pages parsed and read, including crystal habit, fluid inclusions, model limitations and phase-transition evidence. Publisher main-paper page and CSIC copy were inaccessible; they are not claimed as read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Author-hosted supplement to the 2007 Geology paper. Numerical tables not transcribed. It includes a mining-company coauthor and internal hydrogeology reference; those are provenance, not independent retail claims.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gypsum-naica-growth", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gypsum-naica-growth", "title": "Ultraslow growth rates of giant gypsum crystals", "url": "https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1105233108", "publisher": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; A. E. S. Van Driessche and colleagues", "institution": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; A. E. S. Van Driessche and colleagues", "kind": "primary experimental crystal-growth research", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2011", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Publisher full HTML text read, including abstract, phase-shift interferometry method, results, Table 1 and conditional age discussion. PMC alternative was blocked and not used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Laboratory growth measured in specified Naica waters and conditions; extrapolated ages depend on temperature and dimensions. Abstract/table rate details were not copied into a universal property or age.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gypsum-met-40156", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gypsum-met-40156", "title": "Standing male worshiper, object 40.156", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "institution": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "kind": "museum named-object record and curatorial interpretation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "Object dated ca. 2900-2600 BCE; record checked 2026-10-05", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full object HTML read. Medium explicitly says gypsum alabaster; date, place, object number and interpretive text read. No object image downloaded or used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Approximate cultural dating and museum interpretation, including tentative deity attribution. Composite object includes shell, black limestone and bitumen; not a pure-mineral claim or first-use date.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gypsum-homestake", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gypsum-homestake", "title": "NASA Mars Rover Finds Mineral Vein Deposited by Water", "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-mars-rover-finds-mineral-vein-deposited-by-water/", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology", "institution": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology", "kind": "mission-team observational report", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2011-12-07", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full institutional announcement read, including separate spectrometer and camera evidence and explicit alternative calcium-sulfate language. No mission image reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "The 2011 announcement calls gypsum apparent/suggested and permits another calcium-sulfate phase. Historical mission interpretation, not a new laboratory analysis or evidence of life.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gypsum-nps-care", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gypsum-nps-care", "title": "Conserve O Gram 15/1: Care of Alabaster", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/museums/upload/15-01_508.pdf", "publisher": "National Park Service; John Griswold", "institution": "National Park Service; John Griswold", "kind": "institutional conservation guidance", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2000-09", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "All four PDF pages read, especially moisture, staining, coatings, handling, repair and lamp-heat precautions.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Used for care of fine-grained gypsum alabaster and applied finishes. The opening simplified formation/taxonomy and generic ancient-object identifications were not adopted. No reader acid/scratch testing recommended.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-gypsum::gia-analysis", "article_id": "gem-gypsum", "id": "gia-analysis", "title": "How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones from Start to Finish", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "laboratory institutional methods overview", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML text read, including spectroscopy, microscopy and report scope; promotional statements not adopted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "An institution describing its own analytical methods and services, not independent validation of any supplied stone. Does not promise country determination for gypsum or scapolite.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "gypsum alabaster (fine-grained aggregate)", "gypsum rose (rosette crystal aggregate)", "fibrous gypsum (texture)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-scapolite", "name": "Scapolite", "entity_type": "group_or_series", "kind": "material", "family": "Scapolite group / framework silicates", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-scapolite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-scapolite.html" ], "word_count": 1161, "summary": "Scapolite is a group and compositional series, not one fixed species recipe. Named specimens, temporary colour changes and inclusion-based iridescence show why its light effects need different explanations.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_ids": [ "identity-series" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "identity-series", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-marialite", "scapolite-meionite", "scapolite-silvialite" ] } ], "scope": "Group and marialite-meionite series, with sulfate member acknowledged; no single universal recipe." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "properties-and-palette", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-marialite", "scapolite-meionite" ] } ], "scope": "Readable structural/cleavage properties and specimen masses; unconfirmed numeric ranges omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "properties-and-palette", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-marialite", "scapolite-meionite" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "documented-specimens", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34150", "scapolite-gia-34659" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "temporary-colour", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-tenebrescence" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "rainbow-inclusions", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-rainbow" ] } ], "scope": "Selected bodycolours and three distinct observed mechanisms, not universal effects." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "formation-and-localities", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-marialite", "scapolite-meionite", "scapolite-stability-2026" ] } ], "scope": "Component-sensitive geological setting and experimental interpretation." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "formation-and-localities", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-marialite", "scapolite-meionite", "scapolite-stability-2026" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "documented-specimens", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34150", "scapolite-gia-34659" ] } ], "scope": "Historical component lists or expressly reported object histories, not origin proof." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "temporary-colour", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-tenebrescence" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "care-and-documentation", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-meionite", "gia-care", "scapolite-tenebrescence", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded irradiation comparison; present commercial treatment prevalence unknown." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "laboratory-and-recognition", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-synthetic-2025", "scapolite-silvialite" ] } ], "scope": "Primary synthetic-endmember research; no commercial gem-growth claim." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "care-and-documentation", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-meionite", "gia-care", "scapolite-tenebrescence", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Conservative cleavage, condition, heat/chemical and uncertain-colour guidance." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "temporary-colour", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-tenebrescence" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "laboratory-and-recognition", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-synthetic-2025", "scapolite-silvialite" ] } ], "scope": "Dated publication/description records; first human encounter and group discoverer unassigned." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "documented-specimens", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34150", "scapolite-gia-34659" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "temporary-colour", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-tenebrescence" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "rainbow-inclusions", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-rainbow" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "section_id": "laboratory-and-recognition", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-synthetic-2025", "scapolite-silvialite" ] } ], "scope": "Named GIA objects, bounded experiments and an attributed research review." } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal marialite composition": "Na4Al3Si9O24Cl", "Ideal meionite composition": "Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3", "Crystal system of described marialite": "Tetragonal", "Cleavage of described meionite": "Distinct on {100} and {110}", "Tenacity of described marialite": "Brittle", "Mass of GIA collection 34150": "32.05 ct", "Mass of GIA collection 34659": "6.22 ct" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal marialite composition", "value": "Na4Al3Si9O24Cl", "scope": "Ideal sodium/chloride endmember; 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not a typical series mass." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mass of GIA collection 34659", "value": 6.22, "scope": "This named cabochon specimen only.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34659" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:9bd3267f-4245-4ae1-902f-6d73911758b3/scapolite-34659.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "ct", "conditions": "Catalog measurement; not a typical series mass." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Lake Baikal region, Russia", "scope": "Representative highly sodic material, as classified by the Handbook; not pure-endmember or finished-gem origin proof.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-marialite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/marialite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Monte Somma-Vesuvius, Campania, Italy", "scope": "Representative highly calcic material in the Handbook, not a statement about all scapolite.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-meionite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/meionite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Lelatema Mountains, Arusha region, Tanzania", "scope": "Collection 34150 locality as stated in Gubelin records; not independently established analytical provenance.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34150" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:94cebcfa-7f6a-4c12-b40f-62a4056a829f/scapolite-34150.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Mogok, Myanmar", "scope": "Collection 34659 locality as stated in Gubelin records; no current mining or universal origin claim.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34659" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:9bd3267f-4245-4ae1-902f-6d73911758b3/scapolite-34659.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Pitawak, Badakhshan, Afghanistan", "scope": "Trader-reported origin of sixteen investigated fragments; not independently confirmed locality.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-tenebrescence" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-gemnews-tenebrescent-scapolite", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [ { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "relationship_type": "optical_effect_comparison", "label": "A shared cat's-eye description", "scope": "Article crosslink for effect vocabulary; does not identify scapolite as chrysoberyl or assert identical inclusions.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34659" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:9bd3267f-4245-4ae1-902f-6d73911758b3/scapolite-34659.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "gem-opal", "relationship_type": "optical_effect_comparison", "label": "Angle-dependent iridescence comparison", "scope": "Review compares changing colours; mechanisms and material identities remain distinct.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-rainbow" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_relationship", "target_id": "guide-mineral-species-and-varieties", "relationship_type": "taxonomy_reading", "label": "Endmember and group vocabulary", "scope": "Classification guidance for interpreting compositional variation, not a specimen assignment.", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-synthetic-2025" ], "source_url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00269-024-01307-3", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "scapolite-yellow-cushion", "title": "Gubelin yellow cushion", "story_type": "laboratory_collection_object", "section_id": "documented-specimens", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34150" ], "scope": "Named specimen; recorded history distinguished from measured identity.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "object_id": "GIA 34150" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "scapolite-chatoyant-cabochon", "title": "Gubelin chatoyant cabochon", "story_type": "laboratory_collection_object", "section_id": "documented-specimens", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-gia-34659" ], "scope": "Parallel exsolution needles documented; unavailable RI not supplied.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "object_id": "GIA 34659" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "scapolite-2014-comparison", "title": "The sixteen-fragment comparison", "story_type": "primary_laboratory_observation", "section_id": "temporary-colour", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-tenebrescence" ], "scope": "Observed effects; irradiation and locality histories reported by supplier.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "Spring 2014 publication." }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "scapolite-rainbow-review", "title": "Inside the rainbow texture", "story_type": "research_review", "section_id": "rainbow-inclusions", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-rainbow" ], "scope": "Reviewed analytical evidence; texture formation incompletely understood.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "Summer 2025 review." }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "scapolite-synthesis", "title": "Synthetic marialite and geological modelling", "story_type": "primary_experimental_research", "section_id": "laboratory-and-recognition", "source_ids": [ "scapolite-synthetic-2025", "scapolite-silvialite" ], "scope": "Experimental endmember synthesis and dated description records, not retail prevalence.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "date_scope": "2025 experiment; silvialite issue June 1999, online archive 2018." } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "documented-specimens", "temporary-colour", "rainbow-inclusions", "laboratory-and-recognition" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Material identification, natural or laboratory growth, later treatment, country history and present condition are separate questions. Experimental growth does not establish commercial prevalence or any offered stone origin.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations confer no image licence. No external photograph, diagram, film or paid asset was downloaded or used; only an original conceptual diagram proposal is supplied." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-marialite", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-marialite", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Marialite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/marialite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Complete PDF parsed text read; range separators and some symbols corrupted. No image block returned for screenshot. Formula independently cross-checked in 2025/2026 research.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Highly sodic component description and representative occurrences; most natural specimens intermediate. Exact hardness, density, RI and optic-sign ranges not reproduced because visual confirmation was unavailable.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-meionite", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-meionite", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Meionite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/meionite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing / Handbook of Mineralogy hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Complete PDF parsed text read; corrupted range separators excluded. Formula cross-checked in publisher research HTML.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Highly calcic component description, not universal scapolite composition. Exact hardness, density, RI and optic-sign ranges omitted; the synthetic structural reference is not a retail survey.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-silvialite", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-silvialite", "title": "Silvialite, a new sulfate-dominant member of the scapolite group with an Al-Si composition near the I4/m-P42/n phase transition", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/silvialite-a-new-sulfatedominant-member-of-the-scapolite-group-with-an-alsi-composition-near-the-14mp42n-phase-transition/0F193022990C6DBE41CDC1C370B66EE3", "publisher": "Mineralogical Magazine / Mineralogical Society; D. K. Teertstra and colleagues", "institution": "Mineralogical Magazine / Mineralogical Society; D. K. Teertstra and colleagues", "kind": "primary mineral-description research, abstract", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "1999-06", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Publisher abstract and publication metadata read. Full article behind access gate was not read or purchased.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Abstract supports group breadth, reported occurrence and naming discussion. Original June 1999 issue date is distinct from July 2018 online archive date; no entire-group first-discovery claim.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-gia-34150", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-gia-34150", "title": "GIA Edward J. Gubelin Collection: scapolite 34150", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:94cebcfa-7f6a-4c12-b40f-62a4056a829f/scapolite-34150.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America / Edward J. Gubelin Collection", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America / Edward J. Gubelin Collection", "kind": "laboratory named-specimen record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "Copyright 2010; analytical/collection dates not otherwise established", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "All three pages of parsed PDF read via source reference. Exact-URL later retry failed, while reference-based reopen succeeded. No table image visually inspectable; no numerical optical/SG data used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Object-specific mass, colour and cut. Locality explicitly as stated in Gubelin records, not an independent analytical origin determination. No treatment history or precise endmember percentage supplied.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-gia-34659", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-gia-34659", "title": "GIA Edward J. Gubelin Collection: scapolite 34659", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:9bd3267f-4245-4ae1-902f-6d73911758b3/scapolite-34659.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America / Edward J. Gubelin Collection", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America / Edward J. Gubelin Collection", "kind": "laboratory named-specimen record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "Copyright 2011; analytical/collection dates not otherwise established", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "All three parsed PDF pages read, including explicit parallel-needle chatoyancy caption; optical/SG table numbers omitted. No photograph used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Object-specific mass, cut and inclusion interpretation. Locality as recorded by Gubelin, not independently established here. The document states RI could not be measured; it does not supply a generic value.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-tenebrescence", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-tenebrescence", "title": "Tenebrescent Irradiated Scapolite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-gemnews-tenebrescent-scapolite", "publisher": "Gems & Gemology / Gemological Institute of America; Tara Allen, Nathan Renfro and David Nelson", "institution": "Gems & Gemology / Gemological Institute of America; Tara Allen, Nathan Renfro and David Nelson", "kind": "primary laboratory observation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2014 Spring", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML Gem News note read, including the sixteen-sample comparison, Raman identification, reported origin/treatment and conclusion.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Country and prior irradiation supplied by a gem trader are reported, not independently verified histories. Measured effects concern sixteen fragments, not all scapolite or present irradiation prevalence. No reader UV experiment proposed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-rainbow", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-rainbow", "title": "Structures Behind the Spectacle: A Review of Optical Effects in Phenomenal Gemstones and Their Underlying Nanotextures", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2025-phenomenal-gemstones", "publisher": "Gems & Gemology / Gemological Institute of America; Shiyun Jin, Nathan D. Renfro, Aaron C. Palke and James E. Shigley", "institution": "Gems & Gemology / Gemological Institute of America; Shiyun Jin, Nathan D. Renfro, Aaron C. Palke and James E. Shigley", "kind": "research review with author optical observations", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025 Summer", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML opened; Rainbow Scapolite discussion and Figure 37 caption read. Cited 2015/2021 analytical papers not independently reread; their conclusions attributed through this review.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Magnetite identification and diffraction interpretation are attributed to reviewed research. Specimen countries are reportedly supplied; precipitation mechanism and nanotexture formation remain under investigation. No photo/video reused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-synthetic-2025", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-synthetic-2025", "title": "Thermophysical properties of synthetic marialite", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00269-024-01307-3", "publisher": "Physics and Chemistry of Minerals / Springer Nature; David M. Jenkins and colleagues", "institution": "Physics and Chemistry of Minerals / Springer Nature; David M. Jenkins and colleagues", "kind": "primary experimental mineral research", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-01-13", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full open-access publisher HTML read, including abstract, introduction, synthesis and analysis. Update marker inspected; no numeric table transcription or care temperature inferred.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Synthetic marialite endmember experiment, not cut gem manufacture or commercial availability. Experiment uses grains and phase mixtures; results cannot become safe heating limits for a finished jewel.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::scapolite-stability-2026", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "scapolite-stability-2026", "title": "Upper-pressure stability and thermochemical properties of synthetic marialite and its application to calculating paleobrine NaCl concentrations", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-026-02311-2", "publisher": "Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology / Springer Nature; Alexander J. Kerstanski, David M. Jenkins and Johannes Hammerli", "institution": "Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology / Springer Nature; Alexander J. Kerstanski, David M. Jenkins and Johannes Hammerli", "kind": "primary experimental mineral research", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2026-03-28", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full publisher HTML read, especially abstract, introduction, stability interpretation and methods.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Measured synthetic-endmember reactions and model-based geological application. No single formation temperature or pressure imposed on all natural scapolite; specific paleobrine estimates omitted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips on Caring for Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America", "kind": "institutional jewellery care education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML text read, including vibration, filled breaks, coatings, chemistry and heat cautions.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance supports conservative editorial precautions alongside material-specific sources. Its generic water recommendation is not transferred to gypsum or to every calcite/scapolite object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-scapolite::gia-analysis", "article_id": "gem-scapolite", "id": "gia-analysis", "title": "How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones from Start to Finish", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "Gemological Institute of America; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "laboratory institutional methods overview", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "Read in this authoring session through the web tool; access scope recorded below.", "access_notes": "Full HTML text read, including spectroscopy, microscopy and report scope; promotional statements not adopted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/next_nada_optics on 2026-10-05; original prose and source-pointer validation. No expert credential claimed.", "limits": "An institution describing its own analytical methods and services, not independent validation of any supplied stone. Does not promise country determination for gypsum or scapolite.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "marialite (scapolite group member)", "meionite (scapolite group member)", "silvialite (scapolite group member)", "cat's-eye scapolite (optical effect)", "rainbow scapolite (included material)", "tenebrescent scapolite (observed effect)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-sodalite", "name": "Sodalite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Sodalite group", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-sodalite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-sodalite.html" ], "word_count": 1025, "summary": "Sodalite is a mineral species; blue appearance, lapis resemblance and hackmanite research each require their own scope.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "lapis-comparison", "source_ids": [ "sod-lapis" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "properties", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "changing-colour", "source_ids": [ "sod-gia-2009" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "naming-and-place", "source_ids": [ "sod-waterloo" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "naming-and-place", "source_ids": [ "sod-waterloo" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "changing-colour", "source_ids": [ "sod-gia-2009" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "sod-gia-2009", "sod-care" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "laboratory-material", "source_ids": [ "sod-turku" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "research-in-context", "source_ids": [ "sod-aalto" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "sod-gia-2009", "sod-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "naming-and-place", "source_ids": [ "sod-waterloo" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "changing-colour", "source_ids": [ "sod-gia-2009" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "laboratory-material", "source_ids": [ "sod-turku" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "section_id": "research-in-context", "source_ids": [ "sod-aalto" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2", "Crystal system": "Cubic", "Mohs hardness": "5.5–6 Mohs", "Fracture and toughness scope": "Uneven to conchoidal fracture; brittle" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2", "scope": "Sodalite species; not purity of an ornamental aggregate", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Cubic", "scope": "Sodalite species reference", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5.5–6 Mohs", "scope": "Sodalite species; not universal bulk-object durability", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments", "units": "Mohs" }, { "label": "Fracture and toughness scope", "value": "Uneven to conchoidal fracture; brittle", "scope": "Reference mineral; care also depends on other constituents, setting and treatments", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "hackmanite (sulfur-bearing, colour-change variety terminology)", "sodalite-bearing aggregate", "sodalite versus lapis lazuli" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Composition", "value": "Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2", "scope": "Sodalite species; not purity of an ornamental aggregate", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Cubic", "scope": "Sodalite species reference", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5.5–6 Mohs", "scope": "Sodalite species; not universal bulk-object durability", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments", "units": "Mohs" }, { "label": "Fracture and toughness scope", "value": "Uneven to conchoidal fracture; brittle", "scope": "Reference mineral; care also depends on other constituents, setting and treatments", "source_ids": [ "sod-hom" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Bancroft, Ontario, Canada", "scope": "Museum-described occurrence in nepheline syenite gneiss; neither exclusive source nor current mine status", "source_ids": [ "sod-waterloo" ], "source_url": "https://uwaterloo.ca/earth-sciences-museum/educational-resources/articles/sodalite", "representative": true }, { "name": "Myanmar and Afghanistan", "scope": "Supplier-represented origins of sixteen samples studied in 2009, not present supply authentication", "source_ids": [ "sod-gia-2009" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Sodalite-from-Myanmar-and-Afghanistan.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural formation, experimental manufacture, treatment, geological source and a supplied object’s collecting chain are separate questions; unavailable evidence is not evidence of absence.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "naming-and-place", "changing-colour", "laboratory-material" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or reused. Museum/academic photographs remain linked source records only. Any future visual must be original or separately rights-cleared." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-hom", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-hom", "title": "Sodalite — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sodalite.pdf", "publisher": "Handbook of Mineralogy / Mineralogical Society of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Species reference. Formula, optical description and property ranges read in PDF text; web screenshot unavailable, so visual table review is not claimed. Locality list is historical occurrence, not a current supply map.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-lapis", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-lapis", "title": "Lapis Lazuli Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/lapis-lazuli-description-v1", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Gemological description of an aggregate; photographs and apparent colour cannot authenticate either material.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-waterloo", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-waterloo", "title": "Sodalite", "url": "https://uwaterloo.ca/earth-sciences-museum/educational-resources/articles/sodalite", "publisher": "University of Waterloo Earth Sciences Museum; Kathy Feick", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Museum account supplies naming and Bancroft/royal-decoration story; underlying shipping/royal archives not independently examined. Scientific naming is not first human use.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-gia-2009", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-gia-2009", "title": "Hackmanite/Sodalite from Myanmar and Afghanistan — David Kondo and Donna Beaton, Gems & Gemology 45(1), 38–43 (2009)", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/doc/Sodalite-from-Myanmar-and-Afghanistan.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Original study of six Myanmar and ten Afghanistan samples with supplier-represented origins. Dated oiling observations and sample behaviour do not establish present prevalence; DOI 10.5741/GEMS.45.1.38.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-turku", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-turku", "title": "Hackmanite is a miracle material — research feature", "url": "https://www.utu.fi/en/news/news/hackmanite-is-a-miracle-material", "publisher": "University of Turku", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "First-party feature published 29 November 2022, updated 28 March 2025. Selected synthetic research materials/applications; promotional title not endorsed. Historical discoverer wording unused.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-aalto", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-aalto", "title": "Photochromic Textiles: Hackmanites", "url": "https://virtualexhibitions.aalto.fi/en/entangled/photochromic-textiles-hackmanites", "publisher": "Aalto University Virtual Exhibitions / collaborating University of Turku research project", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "First-party project demonstration of natural mineral, synthetic powder and coated textile; prototype performance is not gem jewellery certification or consumer UV protection.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sodalite::sod-care", "article_id": "gem-sodalite", "id": "sod-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "General treatment-aware jewellery care, not an object-specific sodalite cleaning protocol.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "hackmanite (sulfur-bearing, colour-change variety terminology)", "sodalite-bearing aggregate", "sodalite versus lapis lazuli" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-serpentine", "name": "Serpentine", "entity_type": "group_or_series", "kind": "material", "family": "Serpentine minerals", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-serpentine" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-serpentine.html" ], "word_count": 989, "summary": "Serpentine is a group/material term; constituent mineral identity, cultural names and an object’s recorded history each need their own scope.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_ids": [ "identity", "properties" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "cultural-names", "source_ids": [ "ser-teara" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "properties", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "formation-and-habit", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite", "ser-clinochrysotile" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "properties", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "tangiwai-story", "source_ids": [ "ser-tangiwai" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "formation-and-habit", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite", "ser-clinochrysotile" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "cultural-names", "source_ids": [ "ser-teara" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "tangiwai-story", "source_ids": [ "ser-tangiwai" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "form-and-recognition", "source_ids": [ "ser-kuru", "ser-lizardite" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "care-and-disclosure", "source_ids": [ "ser-treatment", "ser-care" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "No readable material-specific laboratory synthesis/commercial growth source reviewed in this bounded packet; absence of coverage is not proof that synthesis is impossible." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "care-and-disclosure", "source_ids": [ "ser-treatment", "ser-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "tangiwai-story", "source_ids": [ "ser-tangiwai" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "documented-pendant", "source_ids": [ "ser-pendant" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "form-and-recognition", "source_ids": [ "ser-kuru", "ser-lizardite" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "section_id": "documented-pendant", "source_ids": [ "ser-pendant" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Identity": "Serpentine group/material; constituent minerals require specification", "Antigorite composition": "(Mg,Fe2+)3Si2O5(OH)4", "Antigorite Mohs hardness": "2.5–3.5 Mohs", "Lizardite Mohs hardness": "2.5 Mohs", "Crystal systems by constituent": "Antigorite: monoclinic; lizardite: hexagonal" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Identity", "value": "Serpentine group/material; constituent minerals require specification", "scope": "Group/material, not one universal species", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Antigorite composition", "value": "(Mg,Fe2+)3Si2O5(OH)4", "scope": "Antigorite reference formula, not all serpentine material", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Antigorite Mohs hardness", "value": "2.5–3.5 Mohs", "scope": "Antigorite only, not universal serpentine hardness", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments", "units": "Mohs" }, { "label": "Lizardite Mohs hardness", "value": "2.5 Mohs", "scope": "Lizardite only, not a carving durability assessment", "source_ids": [ "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/lizardite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments", "units": "Mohs" }, { "label": "Crystal systems by constituent", "value": "Antigorite: monoclinic; lizardite: hexagonal", "scope": "Separate species records, not one group crystal system", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "group_or_series", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "bowenite (serpentine material term)", "tangiwai (Māori cultural material name)", "antigorite (constituent species)", "lizardite (constituent species)", "chrysotile (constituent mineral forms)" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Identity", "value": "Serpentine group/material; constituent minerals require specification", "scope": "Group/material, not one universal species", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Antigorite composition", "value": "(Mg,Fe2+)3Si2O5(OH)4", "scope": "Antigorite reference formula, not all serpentine material", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Antigorite Mohs hardness", "value": "2.5–3.5 Mohs", "scope": "Antigorite only, not universal serpentine hardness", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments", "units": "Mohs" }, { "label": "Lizardite Mohs hardness", "value": "2.5 Mohs", "scope": "Lizardite only, not a carving durability assessment", "source_ids": [ "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/lizardite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments", "units": "Mohs" }, { "label": "Crystal systems by constituent", "value": "Antigorite: monoclinic; lizardite: hexagonal", "scope": "Separate species records, not one group crystal system", "source_ids": [ "ser-antigorite", "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Piopiotahi / Milford Sound, New Zealand", "scope": "Museum account of principal New Zealand tangiwai source areas; not global bowenite exclusivity or purchase certification", "source_ids": [ "ser-tangiwai" ], "source_url": "https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/1965", "representative": true }, { "name": "Lizard complex, Cornwall, United Kingdom", "scope": "Lizardite naming/type context, not first-use or current trade source", "source_ids": [ "ser-lizardite" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/lizardite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural formation, experimental manufacture, treatment, geological source and a supplied object’s collecting chain are separate questions; 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Museum/academic photographs remain linked source records only. Any future visual must be original or separately rights-cleared." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-antigorite", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-antigorite", "title": "Antigorite — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/antigorite.pdf", "publisher": "Handbook of Mineralogy / Mineralogical Society of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Species-specific formula, structure, hardness and occurrence. PDF text read; screenshot unavailable. Not universal serpentine properties.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-lizardite", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-lizardite", "title": "Lizardite — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/lizardite.pdf", "publisher": "Handbook of Mineralogy / Mineralogical Society of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Species-specific description and naming/type record. PDF text read; screenshot unavailable. Fine-grained materials require identification.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-clinochrysotile", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-clinochrysotile", "title": "Clinochrysotile — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/clinochrysotile.pdf", "publisher": "Handbook of Mineralogy / Mineralogical Society of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Named chrysotile form, including asbestiform habit; neither health clearance nor evidence all serpentine is fibrous. PDF text read; screenshot unavailable.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-teara", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-teara", "title": "Pounamu names and types — Basil Keane", "url": "https://teara.govt.nz/en/pounamu-jade-or-greenstone/page-1", "publisher": "Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Government cultural/mineral overview, published 22 September 2012. Geographic statements scoped to New Zealand; pounamu and strict gemological jade distinguished.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-tangiwai", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-tangiwai", "title": "Tangiwai", "url": "https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/1965", "publisher": "Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Museum account includes traditional origin story; cultural narrative is not literal geological formation. No image downloaded.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-pendant", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-pendant", "title": "Kuru (ear pendant), registration ME016815", "url": "https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/340369", "publisher": "Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Catalogue: unknown maker, date 1650–1850, Hawke’s Bay production, tangiwai/bowenite, Piopiotahi source statement, purchased 1998. Attribution not independent analytical authentication. Images all rights reserved, unused.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-kuru", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-kuru", "title": "Kuru (ear pendant)", "url": "https://teara.govt.nz/en/object/7682/kuru-ear-pendant", "publisher": "Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand / Te Papa", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Pendant form and cultural significance; no named wearer inferred for ME016815. Image permission required, unused.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-treatment", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Impregnation section explicitly includes serpentine. No present prevalence estimate or untreated identification inferred.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-serpentine::ser-care", "article_id": "gem-serpentine", "id": "ser-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "General treatment-aware care; not health advice or an object-specific conservation protocol.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "bowenite (serpentine material term)", "tangiwai (Māori cultural material name)", "antigorite (constituent species)", "lizardite (constituent species)", "chrysotile (constituent mineral forms)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-obsidian", "name": "Obsidian", "entity_type": "natural_glass", "kind": "material", "family": "Natural volcanic glass", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-obsidian" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-obsidian.html" ], "word_count": 1096, "summary": "Obsidian is natural volcanic glass. Chemical sourcing, archaeological context and collecting history give different kinds of evidence about an object.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-minerals", "obs-caltech" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-minerals", "obs-caltech" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "fracture-and-use", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "colours-and-structure", "source_ids": [ "obs-goldschmidt", "obs-caltech" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-minerals", "obs-caltech" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "fracture-and-use", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "fracture-and-use", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "source-maps", "source_ids": [ "obs-sourcecatalog" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "exchange-networks", "source_ids": [ "obs-oki" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "documented-mirror", "source_ids": [ "obs-cambridge-mirror" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "care-and-material-scope", "source_ids": [ "obs-treatment", "obs-care" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "Not a mineral species grown as a crystal; no material-specific commercial manufacture prevalence source reviewed. Manufactured glass resemblance does not establish natural volcanic origin." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "care-and-material-scope", "source_ids": [ "obs-treatment", "obs-care" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "fracture-and-use", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "exchange-networks", "source_ids": [ "obs-oki" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "documented-mirror", "source_ids": [ "obs-cambridge-mirror" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "mirror-beliefs", "source_ids": [ "obs-getty" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "documented-mirror", "source_ids": [ "obs-cambridge-mirror" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "section_id": "colours-and-structure", "source_ids": [ "obs-goldschmidt", "obs-caltech" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Identity": "Natural volcanic glass", "Structure": "Noncrystalline glassy matrix; crystalline inclusions may be present", "Edge behaviour": "Fracture can yield very thin, sharp edges", "Studied optical mechanisms": "Magnetite-rich layers: studied Oregon fire obsidian; oriented hedenbergite nanorods: studied Mexican rainbow obsidian" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "label": "Identity", "value": "Natural volcanic glass", "scope": "Material classification, not a mineral species or universal formula", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-minerals", "obs-caltech" ], "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Structure", "value": "Noncrystalline glassy matrix; crystalline inclusions may be present", "scope": "Matrix structure and inclusions are different levels of description", "source_ids": [ "obs-caltech", "obs-goldschmidt" ], "source_url": "https://www.its.caltech.edu/~chima/publications/Secret_Lives_of_Minerals.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Edge behaviour", "value": "Fracture can yield very thin, sharp edges", "scope": "NPS tool-material description at Obsidian Cliff; not a handling guarantee", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ], "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/obsidiancliff.htm", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Studied optical mechanisms", "value": "Magnetite-rich layers: studied Oregon fire obsidian; oriented hedenbergite nanorods: studied Mexican rainbow obsidian", "scope": "Selected materials in an original conference abstract, not all optical varieties", "source_ids": [ "obs-goldschmidt" ], "source_url": "https://goldschmidtabstracts.info/2013/1661.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "natural_glass", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "rainbow obsidian (optical trade descriptor)", "fire obsidian (optical trade descriptor)", "volcanic glass" ], "properties": [ { "label": "Identity", "value": "Natural volcanic glass", "scope": "Material classification, not a mineral species or universal formula", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-minerals", "obs-caltech" ], "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Structure", "value": "Noncrystalline glassy matrix; crystalline inclusions may be present", "scope": "Matrix structure and inclusions are different levels of description", "source_ids": [ "obs-caltech", "obs-goldschmidt" ], "source_url": "https://www.its.caltech.edu/~chima/publications/Secret_Lives_of_Minerals.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Edge behaviour", "value": "Fracture can yield very thin, sharp edges", "scope": "NPS tool-material description at Obsidian Cliff; not a handling guarantee", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ], "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/obsidiancliff.htm", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" }, { "label": "Studied optical mechanisms", "value": "Magnetite-rich layers: studied Oregon fire obsidian; oriented hedenbergite nanorods: studied Mexican rainbow obsidian", "scope": "Selected materials in an original conference abstract, not all optical varieties", "source_ids": [ "obs-goldschmidt" ], "source_url": "https://goldschmidtabstracts.info/2013/1661.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference description, not a measurement or certification of a supplied stone", "uncertainty": "Species/material scope stated explicitly; actual object may contain other constituents or treatments" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone, United States", "scope": "Named geological/archaeological occurrence; protected-place reference, not collection permission or modern bead origin", "source_ids": [ "obs-nps-cliff" ], "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/obsidiancliff.htm", "representative": true }, { "name": "Glass Buttes, Oregon, United States", "scope": "Multiple chemical groups in laboratory index; not an individual modern provenance", "source_ids": [ "obs-sourcecatalog" ], "source_url": "https://www.sourcecatalog.com/or/s_or.html", "representative": true }, { "name": "Oki Islands, Japan", "scope": "Geopark occurrence/distribution synthesis; not supplied-object origin certification", "source_ids": [ "obs-oki" ], "source_url": "https://www.oki-geopark.jp/en/lifestyle/history/", "representative": true }, { "name": "Pachuca, Mexico", "scope": "Chemical match for specific mirror studied in 2021, not full collecting-chain proof", "source_ids": [ "obs-cambridge-mirror" ], "source_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/mirror-the-magus-and-more-reflections-on-john-dees-obsidian-mirror/38D4BFEA2CB9766973791029C2EE1289", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural formation, experimental manufacture, treatment, geological source and a supplied object’s collecting chain are separate questions; unavailable evidence is not evidence of absence.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "fracture-and-use", "exchange-networks", "documented-mirror", "mirror-beliefs", "colours-and-structure" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image downloaded or reused. Museum/academic photographs remain linked source records only. Any future visual must be original or separately rights-cleared.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/obsidian-three-provenance-questions.svg", "alt": "Three separate boxes ask about chemical comparison with a geological source, the archaeological findspot, and the later collecting record. No arrow claims that one kind of evidence establishes the others.", "caption": "Original editorial comparison of three evidence questions. A chemical match to a source group does not by itself establish an archaeological findspot or the route into a later collection. This is a reasoning aid, not a source map or the measured analysis of a specimen.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "obs-cambridge-mirror" ], "evidence_section_id": "documented-mirror", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "6d12149ab8b8b691e146866232d7be124dc7e8320b3fb927fe53d6a6d780666c" } ] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-nps-minerals", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-nps-minerals", "title": "Minerals", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "publisher": "United States National Park Service", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "General distinction of ordered mineral structure and geological formation; not a universal volcanic glass chemical formula.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-nps-cliff", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-nps-cliff", "title": "Obsidian Cliff", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/obsidiancliff.htm", "publisher": "United States National Park Service / Yellowstone National Park", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Park geology/archaeology account, updated 18 April 2025. Historic distribution is an attributed synthesis, not modern gem provenance or collecting permission.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-caltech", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-caltech", "title": "The Secret Lives of Minerals — Elisabeth Nadin, Engineering & Science 2007(1), 10–20", "url": "https://www.its.caltech.edu/~chima/publications/Secret_Lives_of_Minerals.pdf", "publisher": "California Institute of Technology", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Institutional feature on microscopy of selected Mexican rainbow and Oregon fire obsidian. PDF text read, especially pages 7–8; not full underlying journal experiments.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-goldschmidt", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-goldschmidt", "title": "Nanomineralogy of gemstones: From genesis to discovery — Chi Ma and George R. Rossman", "url": "https://goldschmidtabstracts.info/2013/1661.pdf", "publisher": "Goldschmidt 2013 Conference Abstracts / Mineralogical Society", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-research-abstract-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Original researcher conference abstract; mechanisms in studied materials, abstract-level scope. DOI 10.1180/minmag.2013.077.5.13.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-sourcecatalog", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-sourcecatalog", "title": "Oregon Obsidian Source Index", "url": "https://www.sourcecatalog.com/or/s_or.html", "publisher": "Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory / United States and Canada Obsidian Source Catalog", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Primary laboratory index of chemical groups and alternate outcrop names. Displays update 03/06/2026, retained verbatim because date format ambiguous. Individual PDF dossiers not reviewed.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-oki", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-oki", "title": "The Making of Oki Islands Culture", "url": "https://www.oki-geopark.jp/en/lifestyle/history/", "publisher": "Oki Islands UNESCO Global Geopark Management Bureau", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "First-party synthesis of archaeological distribution and source comparison. Underlying excavation reports not independently reanalysed; historic distribution does not verify modern seller origin.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-cambridge-mirror", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-cambridge-mirror", "title": "The mirror, the magus and more: reflections on John Dee’s obsidian mirror — Stuart Campbell, Elizabeth Healey, Yaroslav Kuzmin and Michael D. Glascock", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/mirror-the-magus-and-more-reflections-on-john-dees-obsidian-mirror/38D4BFEA2CB9766973791029C2EE1289", "publisher": "Antiquity / Cambridge University Press", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Original research, online 7 October 2021; Antiquity 95(384), 1547–1564, DOI 10.15184/aqy.2021.132. pXRF comparison supports geological source, not a full collecting chain. Dee association discussed as uncertain.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-getty", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-getty", "title": "Through the Obsidian Mirror", "url": "https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/obsidian_mirror/through_the_mirror.html", "publisher": "Getty Research Institute", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "Curatorial account of mirrors and Tezcatlipoca. Beliefs described as beliefs, not supernatural/therapeutic evidence. No exhibit image reused.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-treatment", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "General treatment definitions, not obsidian-specific prevalence or authentication.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-obsidian::obs-care", "article_id": "gem-obsidian", "id": "obs-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America", "checked": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada material writer actually opened and reviewed readable HTML/PDF text through the web tool on 2026-10-05; no specimen testing, supplier verification or external image reuse.", "limits": "General care principles; no glass-specific ultrasonic compatibility or cleaning protocol certified.", "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/obsidian-three-provenance-questions.svg", "alt": "Three separate boxes ask about chemical comparison with a geological source, the archaeological findspot, and the later collecting record. No arrow claims that one kind of evidence establishes the others.", "caption": "Original editorial comparison of three evidence questions. A chemical match to a source group does not by itself establish an archaeological findspot or the route into a later collection. This is a reasoning aid, not a source map or the measured analysis of a specimen.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "obs-cambridge-mirror" ], "evidence_section_id": "documented-mirror", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "6d12149ab8b8b691e146866232d7be124dc7e8320b3fb927fe53d6a6d780666c" } ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "rainbow obsidian (optical trade descriptor)", "fire obsidian (optical trade descriptor)", "volcanic glass" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-hematite", "name": "Hematite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Hematite group", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-hematite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-hematite.html" ], "word_count": 1237, "summary": "Hematite connects contrasting mineral forms with carved seals, pigments and measured research; an object’s identity and history still need their own evidence.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "properties", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook", "hem-minnesota" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "appearance", "source_ids": [ "hem-minnesota" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "formation", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook", "hem-minnesota" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "formation", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook", "hem-minnesota" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "laboratory-research", "source_ids": [ "hem-lab-reactor" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "care-and-records", "source_ids": [ "hem-cci" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "history-object", "source_ids": [ "hem-met-seal" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "pigment-research", "source_ids": [ "hem-smithsonian-pigments" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "history-object", "source_ids": [ "hem-met-seal" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "laboratory-research", "source_ids": [ "hem-lab-reactor" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-hematite", "section_id": "mars-research", "source_ids": [ "hem-nasa-berries" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal composition": "α-Fe2O3", "Mohs hardness": "5–6" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "α-Fe2O3", "scope": "Hematite species reference; not a purity determination of an ornament.", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5–6", "scope": "Handbook mineral description; earthy forms require the article’s separate qualification.", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Approximate descriptive scratch resistance.", "uncertainty": "No owned specimen tested." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "specular hematite (metallic form)", "red ochre (earthy material context)", "magnetic imitation case (identity comparison)" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "α-Fe2O3", "scope": "Hematite species reference; not a purity determination of an ornament.", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "5–6", "scope": "Handbook mineral description; earthy forms require the article’s separate qualification.", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Approximate descriptive scratch resistance.", "uncertainty": "No owned specimen tested." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Elba, Italy; Minas Gerais, Brazil", "scope": "Representative Handbook occurrences; no current mine status or jewel origin inferred.", "source_ids": [ "hem-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural occurrence, laboratory preparation, treatment, imitation and an individual object’s documented provenance are separate questions.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "history-object", "pigment-research", "laboratory-research", "mars-research" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external photograph, logo, spectrum or diagram downloaded or reused. Linked source images remain with their owners.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/hematite-two-appearances.svg", "alt": "Panels label metallic and earthy appearances of hematite.", "caption": "Hematite can appear metallic or earthy; specimen identity needs evidence.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "hem-minnesota" ], "evidence_section_id": "appearance", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "83d70fa6d85cba21f5c0288ea5a419d34b6961f853f0207ca5142f9fe80b3d03" } ] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-cci", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-cci", "title": "Caring for natural history collections", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/natural-history.html", "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute; Fiona Graham", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Physical-force and documentation sections read.", "access_notes": "Physical-force and documentation sections read.", "limits": "Collection guidance; no particular jewel’s condition assessed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-gia-ferrite", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-gia-ferrite", "title": "Magnetic hematite imitation in jewelry — Gems & Gemology, Fall 2000, p.272", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/gems-and-gemology/pdf/FA00.pdf", "publisher": "Gemological Institute of America; Emmanuel Fritsch", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Relevant PDF text on printed page 272 read; no photograph reused.", "access_notes": "Relevant PDF text on printed page 272 read; no photograph reused.", "limits": "Small submitted jewellery sample; no present market prevalence inferred.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2000", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-handbook", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-handbook", "title": "Hematite — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing / Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; One-page PDF parsed text read; screenshot returned a marker without a readable image.", "access_notes": "One-page PDF parsed text read; screenshot returned a marker without a readable image.", "limits": "Species description and historical localities; numerical optical tables omitted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2001–2005 version 1", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-lab-reactor", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-lab-reactor", "title": "Self-optimising continuous-flow hydrothermal reactor for nanoparticle synthesis", "url": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/223035/7/d4re00339j.pdf", "publisher": "Jackson et al.; Royal Society of Chemistry / University of Leeds repository", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Four-page published PDF text read, including measurement limitation.", "access_notes": "Four-page published PDF text read, including measurement limitation.", "limits": "Research nanoparticles; trend optimisation differs from absolute particle size.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2025; DOI 10.1039/d4re00339j", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-met-seal", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-met-seal", "title": "Square plaque seal with stalk handle, 93.17.111", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/322244", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Object fields and curatorial body read.", "access_notes": "Object fields and curatorial body read.", "limits": "Probable Kültepe attribution retained; no source mine or individual user inferred.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-minnesota", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-minnesota", "title": "Hematite — Common Minerals", "url": "https://commonminerals.esci.umn.edu/minerals-g-m/hematite", "publisher": "University of Minnesota", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Full educational body read.", "access_notes": "Full educational body read.", "limits": "Earthy/metallic forms qualified; broad societal statistics and cultural legends unused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-nasa-berries", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-nasa-berries", "title": "Discovery Served Up in a Bowl — PIA05634", "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/photojournal/discovery-served-up-in-a-bowl/", "publisher": "NASA/JPL/Cornell", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Full mission-image explanation read; source picture not reused.", "access_notes": "Full mission-image explanation read; source picture not reused.", "limits": "Dated Opportunity observation, not an Earth gemstone provenance test.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2004-03-25", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-hematite::hem-smithsonian-pigments", "article_id": "gem-hematite", "id": "hem-smithsonian-pigments", "title": "Oxide Mineral Hematite — Q?rius 41515", "url": "https://qrius.si.edu/browse/object/10018546", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Educational pigment text and catalog fields read.", "access_notes": "Educational pigment text and catalog fields read.", "limits": "General pigment discussion; no first-use date inferred.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/hematite-two-appearances.svg", "alt": "Panels label metallic and earthy appearances of hematite.", "caption": "Hematite can appear metallic or earthy; specimen identity needs evidence.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "hem-minnesota" ], "evidence_section_id": "appearance", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "83d70fa6d85cba21f5c0288ea5a419d34b6961f853f0207ca5142f9fe80b3d03" } ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "specular hematite (metallic form)", "red ochre (earthy material context)", "magnetic imitation case (identity comparison)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-pyrite", "name": "Pyrite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Pyrite group", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-pyrite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-pyrite.html" ], "word_count": 1296, "summary": "Pyrite’s brassy appearance leads into distinct questions about crystal structure, documented objects, trace-gold research and humidity-sensitive conservation.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "properties-and-polymorph", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook", "pyr-minnesota" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "properties-and-polymorph", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook", "pyr-minnesota" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "crystal-appearance", "source_ids": [ "pyr-smithsonian-crystal" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "formation", "source_ids": [ "pyr-minnesota", "pyr-waterloo" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "crystal-appearance", "source_ids": [ "pyr-smithsonian-crystal" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "places-and-history-name", "source_ids": [ "pyr-waterloo" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "laboratory-origin", "source_ids": [ "pyr-lab-flux" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "care-oxidation", "source_ids": [ "pyr-cci" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "care-limits", "source_ids": [ "pyr-cci", "pyr-nps-storage" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "history-object", "source_ids": [ "pyr-nmai-mirror" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "places-and-history-name", "source_ids": [ "pyr-waterloo" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "history-object", "source_ids": [ "pyr-nmai-mirror" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "gold-research", "source_ids": [ "pyr-curtin-gold" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "section_id": "laboratory-origin", "source_ids": [ "pyr-lab-flux" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Ideal composition": "FeS2", "Mohs hardness": "6–6.5" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "FeS2", "scope": "Pyrite species; composition alone does not distinguish its dimorph.", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "6–6.5", "scope": "Handbook mineral description, separate from impact resistance or chemical stability.", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Descriptive scratch-resistance range.", "uncertainty": "No supplied stone tested." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "fool’s gold (appearance nickname)", "marcasite (related dimorph, distinct species)", "pyrite suns (specimen form)" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Ideal composition", "value": "FeS2", "scope": "Pyrite species; composition alone does not distinguish its dimorph.", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "6–6.5", "scope": "Handbook mineral description, separate from impact resistance or chemical stability.", "source_ids": [ "pyr-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "units": "Mohs", "conditions": "Descriptive scratch-resistance range.", "uncertainty": "No supplied stone tested." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "La Rioja, Spain", "scope": "Locality of Smithsonian NMNH R18657; not a universal origin or supply statement.", "source_ids": [ "pyr-smithsonian-crystal" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026573", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural occurrence, laboratory preparation, treatment, imitation and an individual object’s documented provenance are separate questions.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "places-and-history-name", "history-object", "gold-research", "laboratory-origin" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external photograph, logo, spectrum or diagram downloaded or reused. Linked source images remain with their owners." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-cci", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-cci", "title": "Caring for natural history collections", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/natural-history.html", "publisher": "Canadian Conservation Institute; Fiona Graham", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Pyrite oxidation/RH and documentation sections read.", "access_notes": "Pyrite oxidation/RH and documentation sections read.", "limits": "Collection RH advice; susceptibility varies with specimen and context.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-curtin-gold", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-curtin-gold", "title": "Curtin research finds ‘Fool’s Gold’ not so foolish after all", "url": "https://www.curtin.edu.au/news/media-release/curtin-research-finds-fools-gold-not-so-foolish-after-all/", "publisher": "Curtin University", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; First-party research announcement read.", "access_notes": "First-party research announcement read.", "limits": "Underlying Geology full text returned an access error; announcement attribution retained.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2021-06-25", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-handbook", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-handbook", "title": "Pyrite — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing / Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; One-page PDF parsed text read; screenshot returned no readable image.", "access_notes": "One-page PDF parsed text read; screenshot returned no readable image.", "limits": "Species description; optical numerical table unused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2001–2005 version 1", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-lab-flux", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-lab-flux", "title": "Characterization of FeS2 pyrite microcrystals synthesized in different flux media", "url": "https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/ma/d3ma00697b", "publisher": "Kristmann et al.; Royal Society of Chemistry", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-indexed-excerpt-only", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores reviewed the publisher-indexed excerpt through the web tool on 2026-10-05; the direct record body was blocked. Publisher search-index excerpt reviewed; direct HTML/landing returned 403.", "access_notes": "Publisher search-index excerpt reviewed; direct HTML/landing returned 403.", "limits": "Indexed title/abstract support synthesis and medium-dependent impurities only; full paper unreviewed.", "read_during_authoring": false, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2024; DOI 10.1039/D3MA00697B", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-minnesota", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-minnesota", "title": "Pyrite — Common Minerals", "url": "https://commonminerals.esci.umn.edu/minerals-o-s/pyrite", "publisher": "University of Minnesota", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Body read; erroneous unrelated comparison boilerplate disregarded.", "access_notes": "Body read; erroneous unrelated comparison boilerplate disregarded.", "limits": "Qualitative occurrence and ore context; universal gold/crystal assertions unused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-nmai-mirror", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-nmai-mirror", "title": "Mirror — NMAI_13478; catalog 1/2552", "url": "https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/object/NMAI_13478", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Full metadata body read; image explicitly withheld.", "access_notes": "Full metadata body read; image explicitly withheld.", "limits": "Broad dating and tentative cultural attribution retained; no original use reconstructed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-nps-storage", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-nps-storage", "title": "Storage Concerns for Geological Collections — Conserve O Gram 11/2", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/museums/upload/11-02_508.pdf", "publisher": "US National Park Service", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Four-page PDF text read, including pyrite-decay section.", "access_notes": "Four-page PDF text read, including pyrite-decay section.", "limits": "Older collection guidance; thresholds differ from CCI and are not guarantees.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "1998", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-smithsonian-crystal", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-smithsonian-crystal", "title": "Pyrite — NMNH R18657", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026573", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Object locality and crystal-habit explanation read.", "access_notes": "Object locality and crystal-habit explanation read.", "limits": "Named collection specimen; no photograph or new supply claim.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-pyrite::pyr-waterloo", "article_id": "gem-pyrite", "id": "pyr-waterloo", "title": "Pyrite — Earth Sciences Museum", "url": "https://uwaterloo.ca/earth-sciences-museum/educational-resources/articles/pyrite", "publisher": "University of Waterloo; Kathy Feick", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Occurrence and morphology sections read.", "access_notes": "Occurrence and morphology sections read.", "limits": "Historical collecting examples; current mining/market claims unused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "fool’s gold (appearance nickname)", "marcasite (related dimorph, distinct species)", "pyrite suns (specimen form)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-charoite", "name": "Charoite", "entity_type": "species", "kind": "material", "family": "Complex calcium–alkali silicates", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-charoite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-charoite.html" ], "word_count": 1297, "summary": "Charoite is a mineral species within mixed ornamental rock; dated descriptions, structural studies and measured sample scopes keep the purple story precise.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "charoitite-rock", "source_ids": [ "cha-gsa-2015" ] } ] }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "properties-and-care", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ] } ] }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "cha-gsa-2015", "cha-iucr-2017" ] } ] }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "formation-and-place", "source_ids": [ "cha-gsa-2015", "cha-handbook" ] } ] }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "formation-and-place", "source_ids": [ "cha-gsa-2015", "cha-handbook" ] } ] }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "thermal-treatment-and-origin", "source_ids": [ "cha-thermal-2024" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "properties-and-care", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ] } ] }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "history-description", "source_ids": [ "cha-nmnhs-1978" ] } ] }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "history-description", "source_ids": [ "cha-nmnhs-1978" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "structure-research", "source_ids": [ "cha-structure-2010" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "spectrum-record", "source_ids": [ "cha-rod-spectrum" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "single-crystal-research", "source_ids": [ "cha-ftir-2018" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-charoite", "section_id": "thermal-treatment-and-origin", "source_ids": [ "cha-thermal-2024" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Mohs hardness": "Not determined", "Cleavage": "Good in three directions" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "Not determined", "scope": "Explicitly undetermined in the 2020 Handbook entry; no ornamental-rock value substituted.", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/Charoite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference entry, not an object measurement.", "uncertainty": "No numeric hardness claim made." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Good in three directions", "scope": "Revised species description; mixed-rock condition requires separate assessment.", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/Charoite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "charoitite (charoite-bearing rock)", "charoite-90 (studied structural polytype)", "Murun massif (documented occurrence)" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "Not determined", "scope": "Explicitly undetermined in the 2020 Handbook entry; no ornamental-rock value substituted.", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/Charoite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Reference entry, not an object measurement.", "uncertainty": "No numeric hardness claim made." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Good in three directions", "scope": "Revised species description; mixed-rock condition requires separate assessment.", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/Charoite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "name": "Murun massif, Russia", "scope": "Handbook occurrence; current production, exclusivity and a supplied object’s provenance are not inferred.", "source_ids": [ "cha-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/Charoite.pdf", "representative": true } ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural occurrence, laboratory preparation, treatment, imitation and an individual object’s documented provenance are separate questions.", "history_and_documented_research": [ "history-description", "structure-research", "colour-research", "single-crystal-research" ], "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external photograph, logo, spectrum or diagram downloaded or reused. Linked source images remain with their owners." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-ftir-2018", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-ftir-2018", "title": "Micro-FTIR and EPMA Characterisation of Charoite from Murun Massif (Russia)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2018/9293637", "publisher": "Maria Lacalamita; Journal of Spectroscopy", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Full open-access article text read, including sample, methods and interpretation.", "access_notes": "Full open-access article text read, including sample, methods and interpretation.", "limits": "Single selected crystal; heating result not a jewel-cleaning protocol.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2018-04-03; DOI 10.1155/2018/9293637", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-gsa-2015", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-gsa-2015", "title": "Charoite, charoitites and associated minerals: the products of intense metasomatic activity", "url": "https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2015AM/webprogram/Paper264221.html", "publisher": "Dutrow and Henry; Geological Society of America", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Complete conference abstract read.", "access_notes": "Complete conference abstract read.", "limits": "Conference summary; proposed colour mechanism remains qualified.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2015; Abstracts with Programs 47(7), 433", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-handbook", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-handbook", "title": "Charoite — Handbook of Mineralogy", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/Charoite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Capitalized one-page PDF parsed text read.", "access_notes": "Capitalized one-page PDF parsed text read.", "limits": "Revised entry; Mohs hardness not determined; optical numerical table unused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2020-11-29 revision", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-iucr-2017", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-iucr-2017", "title": "The structure of denisovite — comparative charoite discussion", "url": "https://journals.iucr.org/m/issues/2017/03/00/fc5016/index.html", "publisher": "Rozhdestvenskaya et al.; IUCrJ", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Full readable article sections on charoite comparison and impurities read.", "access_notes": "Full readable article sections on charoite comparison and impurities read.", "limits": "Denisovite main study; only explicit charoite comparisons used.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2017", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-nmnhs-1978", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-nmnhs-1978", "title": "Publication 0275: Rogova, Rogov, Drits and Kuznetsova (1978)", "url": "https://www.nmnhs.com/gemmology/library/article_id_en-0275.html", "publisher": "National Museum of Natural History, Sofia", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Bibliographic record read; linked Russian original inaccessible.", "access_notes": "Bibliographic record read; linked Russian original inaccessible.", "limits": "Evidence of published description, not first human encounter.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "1978 original description", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-rod-spectrum", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-rod-spectrum", "title": "Raman Open Database: information card 1000064", "url": "https://solsa.crystallography.net/rod/1000064.html", "publisher": "Raman Open Database / original data authors", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-source-text-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Complete information card, acquisition conditions and provenance read.", "access_notes": "Complete information card, acquisition conditions and provenance read.", "limits": "No spectrum file independently analysed; card not a specimen authentication.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "Database revision 2018-04-26; linked paper 2010", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-structure-2010", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-structure-2010", "title": "The structure of charoite solved by conventional and automated electron diffraction", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/structure-of-charoite-ksrbamn1516cana32si70ooh180ohf40nh2o-solved-by-conventional-and-automated-electron-diffraction/24D5A31B112388146A43552AD80EF500", "publisher": "Rozhdestvenskaya et al.; Mineralogical Magazine", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-abstract-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Publisher abstract and original issue metadata read; full article not accessed.", "access_notes": "Publisher abstract and original issue metadata read; full article not accessed.", "limits": "2010 issue distinct from 2018 online hosting date; structural claims abstract-scoped.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2010; DOI 10.1180/minmag.2010.074.1.159", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-charoite::cha-thermal-2024", "article_id": "gem-charoite", "id": "cha-thermal-2024", "title": "Experimental studies of charoite mineral transformations under thermal treatment", "url": "https://publications.hse.ru/en/articles/999837773", "publisher": "Ionov et al.; HSE University / Physics and Chemistry of Minerals", "kind": "primary institutional or academic record", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "verification_status": "primary-abstract-reviewed", "review_provenance": "Delegated Nada author /root/nada229_ores actually opened this record through the web tool on 2026-10-05; Institutional abstract and citation metadata read; linked full PDF inaccessible.", "access_notes": "Institutional abstract and citation metadata read; linked full PDF inaccessible.", "limits": "Controlled high-temperature experiment; neither commercial treatment prevalence nor synthetic charoite demonstrated.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "publication_date": "2024; DOI 10.1007/s00269-024-01282-9", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "charoitite (charoite-bearing rock)", "charoite-90 (studied structural polytype)", "Murun massif (documented occurrence)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-sugilite", "name": "Sugilite", "entity_type": "mineral_species", "kind": "material", "family": "Milarite group", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-sugilite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-sugilite.html" ], "word_count": 1188, "summary": "Sugilite is a mineral species; purple gem material can be a mixed aggregate. Its history becomes clearer when a name, a laboratory result and a carved object are given their own timelines.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_ids": [ "identity-aggregate" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "identity-aggregate", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] } ], "scope": "Species versus aggregate distinction; no specimen certification." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "identity-aggregate", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "care-and-records", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-original", "nps-minerals", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Readable structural and cleavage descriptions; unconfirmed numeric tables omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "colour-and-structure", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-original", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "measurement-research", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-gia-1987", "gia-analysis-2025" ] } ], "scope": "Selected published colours and a mixed-constituent measurement interpretation." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "wessels-setting", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] } ], "scope": "Contrasting recorded settings; detailed formation model and reserves not established." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "wessels-setting", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "recognition-history", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-original" ] } ], "scope": "Historical occurrence examples; no comprehensive or current supply inventory." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-gia-1987", "gia-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "Dated knowledge statement and vocabulary; present prevalence unknown." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "care-and-records", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-original", "nps-minerals", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Conservative condition-aware guidance; no performance test." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "recognition-history", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-original" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "wessels-setting", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] } ], "scope": "Scientific naming and commercial reassignment separated from first human use." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "specimen-and-carving", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook", "sugilite-gia-1987" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "measurement-research", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-gia-1987", "gia-analysis-2025" ] } ], "scope": "Cited type-record list, named carving and bounded sample investigation." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "entry_id": "gem-sugilite", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-gia-1987", "gia-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "No reviewed gem-growth demonstration established in this packet; no impossibility or absence claim." } }, "property_labels": { "Classification": "Mineral species.", "Structure": "Hexagonal." }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Mineral species.", "scope": "Species-level classification; gem aggregates require separate descriptions.", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sugilite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Structure", "value": "Hexagonal.", "scope": "Species structure, not a visible-shape guarantee.", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sugilite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "mineral species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "purple sugilite aggregate", "Wessels sugilite study" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Mineral species.", "scope": "Species-level classification; gem aggregates require separate descriptions.", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sugilite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Structure", "value": "Hexagonal.", "scope": "Species structure, not a visible-shape guarantee.", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sugilite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Iwagi Islet, Japan", "scope": "Representative described occurrence; not an owner-origin finding.", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-original" ], "source_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/minerj/8/2/8_2_110/_article/-char/en", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Wessels, South Africa", "scope": "Representative historical study locality; not current supply proof.", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sugilite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "sugilite-1976-description", "title": "1976 description", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "recognition-history", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-original" ], "scope": "Publication milestone; first human use remains unassigned.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "sugilite-1987-samples", "title": "1987 sample study", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "measurement-research", "source_ids": [ "sugilite-gia-1987" ], "scope": "Results belong to the studied material, not every modern item.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "recognition-history", "measurement-research", "specimen-and-carving" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural occurrence descriptions reviewed; laboratory-grown gem production not documented in this reading.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::sugilite-handbook", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "sugilite-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Sugilite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sugilite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF read; no photograph used. Broken range separators make some numerical values unsuitable for adoption.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Historical species description and occurrence/type-record list; collection catalogues and individual origins were not independently checked.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::sugilite-gia-1987", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "sugilite-gia-1987", "title": "The Occurrence and Gemological Properties of Wessels Mine Sugilite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/The-Occurrence-and-Gemological-Properties-of-Wessels-Mine-Sugilite.pdf", "publisher": "GIA Gems & Gemology; James E. Shigley, John I. Koivula and C. W. Fryer", "institution": "GIA Gems & Gemology; James E. Shigley, John I. Koivula and C. W. Fryer", "kind": "primary gemological study", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "1987 Summer", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Twelve-page PDF main text read, including sample work, figures described in text and conclusion. OCR damage remains in some symbols and tables; no image reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Bounded historical sample study. Some mine geology is attributed to cited work and correspondence. No current treatment-prevalence, reserve or museum-location assertion.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::sugilite-original", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "sugilite-original", "title": "Sugilite, a new silicate mineral from Iwagi Islet, Southwest Japan", "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/minerj/8/2/8_2_110/_article/-char/en", "publisher": "Mineralogical Journal / J-STAGE; Murakami, Kato, Miura and Hirowatari", "institution": "Mineralogical Journal / J-STAGE; Murakami, Kato, Miura and Hirowatari", "kind": "primary mineral description abstract and publication metadata", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "1976", "verification_status": "abstract_and_metadata_read", "access_notes": "Publisher abstract and metadata read. Linked twelve-page scanned PDF produced no parsed text; screenshot returned only a marker. No full-paper or visual-table reading claimed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Abstract-level support only. No numerical properties or historical details were inferred from the unread scanned body.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::gia-analysis-2025", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "gia-analysis-2025", "title": "A Guide to How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party analytical workflow explanation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML analytical workflow body read. No lab service was ordered or specimen submitted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General analytical workflow. Does not establish country-report availability or a result for these particular materials.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA; Robert Weldon", "institution": "GIA; Robert Weldon", "kind": "general treatment terminology", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "HTML overview and treatment glossary read. No specimen tested.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Vocabulary only; not prevalence evidence for these profiles.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::nps-minerals", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "nps-minerals", "title": "Minerals", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "publisher": "United States National Park Service", "institution": "United States National Park Service", "kind": "official geoscience education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-08-26 update", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "HTML definitions and physical-property explanations read. No field test performed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General mineral vocabulary; no identification of a reader-owned piece or treatment survey.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sugilite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-sugilite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "general jewellery-care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML advice read. No cleaning or performance test conducted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance; no stone-specific guarantee.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "purple sugilite aggregate", "Wessels sugilite study" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-larimar", "name": "Larimar", "entity_type": "mineral_variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Pectolite", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-larimar" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-larimar.html" ], "word_count": 1215, "summary": "Larimar is the trade name for blue pectolite from the Dominican Republic. A careful account follows the material, its commercial name and the limits of the colour research separately.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "section_ids": [ "identity-variety" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "identity-variety", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "pectolite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Blue pectolite relationship supported; no independent pectolite route or species count." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "identity-variety", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "pectolite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Readable structure, habits and compact-material distinction; numeric ranges omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "pattern-and-observation", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "gia-analysis-2025" ] } ], "scope": "Selected observed patterns and an expressly qualified historical colour hypothesis." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "formation-and-findspot", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "pectolite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Studied cavity/vein setting distinguished from transported collection sites." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "formation-and-findspot", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "pectolite-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "maps-and-provenance", "source_ids": [ "rd-mineral-index" ] } ], "scope": "Species occurrences and study geography scoped separately; maps themselves unreviewed." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "experiment-history", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "imitation-and-care", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "gia-treatment", "nps-minerals", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Historical experimental work; present commercial prevalence not established." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "imitation-and-care", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "gia-treatment", "nps-minerals", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Conservative condition-aware handling; no cleaning or performance testing." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "naming-history", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ] } ], "scope": "Reported commercial history distinguished from first human encounter." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989", "gia-analysis-2025" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "experiment-history", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ] } ], "scope": "Named primary study and bounded experiments, with hypothesis limits retained." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-larimar", "entry_id": "gem-larimar", "section_id": "experiment-history", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ] } ], "scope": "No reviewed gem-growth demonstration established; does not imply impossibility or global absence." } }, "property_labels": { "Classification": "Blue pectolite variety.", "Structure": "Triclinic pectolite." }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Blue pectolite variety.", "scope": "Relationship supported by the investigated Dominican material.", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/_assets/107c8b59683902b9-Blue-Pectolite-from-the-Dominican-Republic.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Structure", "value": "Triclinic pectolite.", "scope": "Species-level structure, not an object-origin finding.", "source_ids": [ "pectolite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pectolite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "blue pectolite variety", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue pectolite", "larimar" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Blue pectolite variety.", "scope": "Relationship supported by the investigated Dominican material.", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/_assets/107c8b59683902b9-Blue-Pectolite-from-the-Dominican-Republic.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Structure", "value": "Triclinic pectolite.", "scope": "Species-level structure, not an object-origin finding.", "source_ids": [ "pectolite-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pectolite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Dominican Republic", "scope": "Subject country of the cited field study; not universal individual provenance.", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/_assets/107c8b59683902b9-Blue-Pectolite-from-the-Dominican-Republic.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "larimar-1989-investigation", "title": "1989 investigation", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "larimar-gia-1989" ], "scope": "Historical field/sample work; hypotheses and limited tests retain their boundaries.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "naming-history", "colour-research", "experiment-history" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural occurrence, manufactured imitation and laboratory growth are separate research questions. No laboratory-grown gem counterpart was documented in this reading.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::larimar-gia-1989", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "larimar-gia-1989", "title": "Blue Pectolite from the Dominican Republic", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/_assets/107c8b59683902b9-Blue-Pectolite-from-the-Dominican-Republic.pdf", "publisher": "GIA Gems & Gemology; Robert E. Woodruff and Emmanuel Fritsch", "institution": "GIA Gems & Gemology; Robert E. Woodruff and Emmanuel Fritsch", "kind": "primary field and gemological study", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "1989 Winter", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Ten-page PDF main body read, with authors, historical qualifications, formation, colour hypothesis, imitation and experimental sections. No image reused; damaged numerical ranges omitted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Historical observations, reported trade history and small experiments. Publication hypotheses and unsubstantiated rumours are not established mechanisms or current market statistics.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::pectolite-handbook", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "pectolite-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Pectolite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pectolite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF text read. Numerical range separators were corrupted; unconfirmed ranges omitted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Species-level reference. Its occurrence list does not establish larimar distribution, jewellery quality or provenance of a particular object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::gia-analysis-2025", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "gia-analysis-2025", "title": "A Guide to How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party analytical workflow explanation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML analytical workflow body read. No lab service was ordered or specimen submitted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General analytical workflow. Does not establish country-report availability or a result for these particular materials.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::rd-mineral-index", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "rd-mineral-index", "title": "Minerales", "url": "https://eitird.mem.gob.do/minerales/", "publisher": "EITI República Dominicana / Ministerio de Energía y Minas", "institution": "EITI República Dominicana / Ministerio de Energía y Minas", "kind": "official georesource-map index", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "HTML index body read. Linked national and provincial maps were not opened; no mapped deposit location adopted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Index-level classification and map attribution only. Neither an individual mine investigation nor a stone-origin verification.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA; Robert Weldon", "institution": "GIA; Robert Weldon", "kind": "general treatment terminology", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "HTML overview and treatment glossary read. No specimen tested.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Vocabulary only; not prevalence evidence for these profiles.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::nps-minerals", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "nps-minerals", "title": "Minerals", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "publisher": "United States National Park Service", "institution": "United States National Park Service", "kind": "official geoscience education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-08-26 update", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "HTML definitions and physical-property explanations read. No field test performed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General mineral vocabulary; no identification of a reader-owned piece or treatment survey.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-larimar::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-larimar", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "general jewellery-care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML advice read. No cleaning or performance test conducted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance; no stone-specific guarantee.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue pectolite", "larimar" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-tektites", "name": "Tektites", "entity_type": "natural_glass", "kind": "material", "family": "Natural terrestrial impact glasses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Profile reviewed for this edition, with dated source access, scoped factual pointers and explicit uncertainty. Manufacturer/investor claims remain attributed; no handling, independent performance test or image licence is inferred. Inaccessible and indexed-only sources are identified in their own notes.", "article_ids": [ "gem-tektites" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-tektites.html" ], "word_count": 1318, "summary": "Tektites are natural impact glasses made from terrestrial material; moldavite is a regional tektite topic within this profile. Formation, findspot and the later history of a collected object deserve separate records.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "section_ids": [ "identity-impact-glass", "regional-names", "jewellery-research" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "identity-impact-glass", "source_ids": [ "tektites-australian", "tektites-texas", "nps-minerals" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "regional-names", "source_ids": [ "tektites-texas", "tektites-australian" ] } ], "scope": "Natural impact glass contrasted with volcanic glass; regional names are not species." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "shape-and-later-history", "source_ids": [ "tektites-australian", "tektites-texas", "moldavite-gia-2015" ] } ], "scope": "Published shape interpretation; no universal numeric durability or optical range." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "regional-names", "source_ids": [ "tektites-texas", "tektites-australian" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "jewellery-research", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ] } ], "scope": "Selected observed colours and studied optical comparisons; no colour-only identification." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "moldavite-and-ries", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015", "ries-formation" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "breccia-and-glass", "source_ids": [ "ries-geology" ] } ], "scope": "Ries association and approximate chronology; no guessed unresolved source crater." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "regional-names", "source_ids": [ "tektites-texas", "tektites-australian" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "moldavite-and-ries", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015", "ries-formation" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "current-research", "source_ids": [ "curtin-tektites-2025" ] } ], "scope": "Regional examples and announcement; not a fixed global strewn-field inventory." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "shape-and-later-history", "source_ids": [ "tektites-australian", "tektites-texas", "moldavite-gia-2015" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "records-and-care", "source_ids": [ "gia-analysis-2025", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Documented imitations distinguished from alteration; current treatment prevalence unknown." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "records-and-care", "source_ids": [ "gia-analysis-2025", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Conservative storage and condition-aware records; no performance test." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "collection-history", "source_ids": [ "first-nations-glass" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "breccia-and-glass", "source_ids": [ "ries-geology" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "jewellery-research", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ] } ], "scope": "Scientific recognition, attributed cultural perspective and fashioned-object history remain distinct." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "jewellery-research", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "current-research", "source_ids": [ "curtin-tektites-2025" ] } ], "scope": "Specific museum-set study and explicitly announcement-level new research." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "shape-and-later-history", "source_ids": [ "tektites-australian", "tektites-texas", "moldavite-gia-2015" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tektites", "entry_id": "gem-tektites", "section_id": "records-and-care", "source_ids": [ "gia-analysis-2025", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Manufactured comparisons are not natural-origin formation; no reviewed gem-growth programme claimed." } }, "property_labels": { "Classification": "Natural impact glass.", "Moldavite scope": "Regional tektite." }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Natural impact glass.", "scope": "Material topic; no mineral species or extraterrestrial-crystal claim.", "source_ids": [ "tektites-texas" ], "source_url": "https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/npl/collections/meteorites-tektites/tektites/", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Moldavite scope", "value": "Regional tektite.", "scope": "Subtopic within this article, not an independent species or page.", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-gemnews-moldavites-natural-fake", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "natural impact glasses / material topic", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "moldavite tektite", "australites", "impact glass" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Natural impact glass.", "scope": "Material topic; no mineral species or extraterrestrial-crystal claim.", "source_ids": [ "tektites-texas" ], "source_url": "https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/npl/collections/meteorites-tektites/tektites/", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Moldavite scope", "value": "Regional tektite.", "scope": "Subtopic within this article, not an independent species or page.", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-gemnews-moldavites-natural-fake", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Southern Bohemia", "scope": "Regional context in the cited moldavite study; no undocumented object provenance.", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-gemnews-moldavites-natural-fake", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "moldavite-2015-jewellery", "title": "2015 jewellery investigation", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "jewellery-research", "source_ids": [ "moldavite-gia-2015" ], "scope": "Specific investigated museum sets only; no universal antiques claim.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "tektite-2025-announcement", "title": "2025 research announcement", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "current-research", "source_ids": [ "curtin-tektites-2025" ], "scope": "Announcement-level scope; linked paper full text not reviewed.", "checked_at": "2026-10-05" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "shape-and-later-history", "jewellery-research", "collection-history", "current-research" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Natural terrestrial impact origin distinguished from volcanic glass and manufactured glass imitations. No laboratory-grown mineral species implied.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/tektites-rock-impact-glass.svg", "alt": "Three boxes connect terrestrial rock, impact melting and tektite glass.", "caption": "Conceptual formation sequence for tektites. It does not locate a crater or authenticate an object.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "tektites-australian" ], "evidence_section_id": "identity-impact-glass", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "c516eaf48dd5aee3e364be4d063f276785b23ecd08fac3319276752e07b7d03e" } ] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::tektites-australian", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "tektites-australian", "title": "Tektites", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/tektites/", "publisher": "Australian Museum", "institution": "Australian Museum", "kind": "museum geoscience education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2022-10-18 update", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML text read, including shape, terrestrial-origin explanation, regional terminology and imitation discussion. No images reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Dated museum introduction. Fixed field counts, simplified older dates and suggested home tests were not adopted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::tektites-texas", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "tektites-texas", "title": "Tektites", "url": "https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/npl/collections/meteorites-tektites/tektites/", "publisher": "Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin", "institution": "Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin", "kind": "university museum collection introduction", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML text read. No linked collection image downloaded.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Legacy overview contains an internally inconsistent ancient date and broader glass taxonomy. Neither was adopted; no immutable field inventory asserted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::nps-minerals", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "nps-minerals", "title": "Minerals", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "publisher": "United States National Park Service", "institution": "United States National Park Service", "kind": "official geoscience education", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-08-26 update", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "HTML definitions and physical-property explanations read. No field test performed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General mineral vocabulary; no identification of a reader-owned piece or treatment survey.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::moldavite-gia-2015", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "moldavite-gia-2015", "title": "Moldavites: Natural or Fake?", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-gemnews-moldavites-natural-fake", "publisher": "GIA Gems & Gemology; Jaroslav Hyršl", "institution": "GIA Gems & Gemology; Jaroslav Hyršl", "kind": "primary gemological research note", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2015 Spring", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main HTML note and readable comparison table read. No numerical diagnostic shortcut or photograph reproduced.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Specific investigated jewellery and imitation samples; not every antique object or all contemporary products.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::ries-formation", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "ries-formation", "title": "Formation of the Ries Crater", "url": "https://en.geopark-ries.de/entstehung-rieskrater/", "publisher": "UNESCO Global Geopark Ries", "institution": "UNESCO Global Geopark Ries", "kind": "official impact-geology explanation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main formation-page HTML read. No image used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Approximate chronology and formation account only; disputed paired-impact interpretation omitted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::ries-geology", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "ries-geology", "title": "Geology", "url": "https://en.geopark-ries.de/geologie/", "publisher": "UNESCO Global Geopark Ries", "institution": "UNESCO Global Geopark Ries", "kind": "official impact-geology explanation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main geology-page HTML read, including suevite description and historical impact recognition. No photograph used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Regional geological explanation; no individual tektite provenance determination.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::first-nations-glass", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "first-nations-glass", "title": "A First Nations lens on glass in Australia", "url": "https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/first-nations-glass/", "publisher": "Australian Museum; Jesse King", "institution": "Australian Museum; Jesse King", "kind": "first-party cultural and museum-collection reflection", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2022-08-12 update", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main authored reflection read, especially tektite knowledge and collection-history discussion. No image reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "An attributed author perspective, not a universal statement for all First Nations communities or proof of supernatural properties.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::curtin-tektites-2025", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "curtin-tektites-2025", "title": "Cosmic glass found only in Australia reveals ancient asteroid impact", "url": "https://www.curtin.edu.au/news/media-release/cosmic-glass-found-only-in-australia-reveals-ancient-asteroid-impact/", "publisher": "Curtin University; Lucien Wilkinson reporting coauthor research", "institution": "Curtin University; Lucien Wilkinson reporting coauthor research", "kind": "first-party university research announcement", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-09-18", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main announcement read. Linked journal paper was inaccessible; its full text and analytical tables were not reviewed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Announcement-level evidence for the reported research. No independent redating, exact global inventory or resolved crater claimed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::gia-analysis-2025", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "gia-analysis-2025", "title": "A Guide to How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party analytical workflow explanation", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML analytical workflow body read. No lab service was ordered or specimen submitted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General analytical workflow. Does not establish country-report availability or a result for these particular materials.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tektites::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-tektites", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "general jewellery-care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-05", "checked_at": "2026-10-05", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main HTML advice read. No cleaning or performance test conducted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada229_glass on 2026-10-05; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance; no stone-specific guarantee.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/tektites-rock-impact-glass.svg", "alt": "Three boxes connect terrestrial rock, impact melting and tektite glass.", "caption": "Conceptual formation sequence for tektites. It does not locate a crater or authenticate an object.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "tektites-australian" ], "evidence_section_id": "identity-impact-glass", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "c516eaf48dd5aee3e364be4d063f276785b23ecd08fac3319276752e07b7d03e" } ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "moldavite tektite", "australites", "impact glass" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-05" }, { "entity_id": "gem-labradorite", "name": "Labradorite", "entity_type": "group_or_series", "kind": "material", "family": "Plagioclase feldspar", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. 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Its moving colour becomes clearer through layered optics, a documented cameo and careful distinctions between identity, appearance and treatment.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_ids": [ "identity-composition" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "identity-composition", "source_ids": [ "lab-handbook", "lab-cochise" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "crystal-and-cut", "source_ids": [ "lab-handbook", "lab-cochise" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "light-layers", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian", "lab-optical-model" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "moonstone-language", "source_ids": [ "gia-moonstone", "lab-optical-model" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; 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not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "gia-treatment", "lab-handbook", "lab-optical-model" ] } ], "scope": "No reviewed commercial gem-growth demonstration; no absence or impossibility claim." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "care-and-looking", "source_ids": [ "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "museum-cameo", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "museum-cameo", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "entry_id": "gem-labradorite", "section_id": "research-and-identification", "source_ids": [ "lab-optical-model", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; 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not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Optical effect", "value": "Labradorescence.", "scope": "Layer-related directional colour; not present equally on every surface.", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002820", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Two principal directions near a right angle.", "scope": "Descriptive reference statement; no destructive test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "lab-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/labradorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "compositional member of the plagioclase feldspar series", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "labradorescence", "rainbow moonstone (trade usage; 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not present equally on every surface.", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002820", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Two principal directions near a right angle.", "scope": "Descriptive reference statement; no destructive test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "lab-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/labradorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Pauls Island, Labrador, Canada", "scope": "Named representative occurrence; no reader-object provenance.", "source_ids": [ "lab-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/labradorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Ylämaa, Finland", "scope": "Representative occurrence, not current supply ranking.", "source_ids": [ "lab-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/labradorite.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Canada, Newfoundland: NMNH G1750", "scope": "Geographic breadth exactly as the museum object record.", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002820", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [ { "related_entity_id": "gem-moonstone", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "gem-sunstone", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-mineral-species-and-varieties", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-hardness-toughness-stability", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-treatments-and-assemblies", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "lab-cameo-1888", "title": "NMNH G1750 acquisition record", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "museum-cameo", "source_ids": [ "lab-smithsonian" ], "scope": "Purchase year recorded; artist and carving date not established.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "lab-model-2009", "title": "The 2009 optical rendering model", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "research-and-identification", "source_ids": [ "lab-optical-model" ], "scope": "Model assumptions retained; 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No owner-specimen origin finding or commercial laboratory-growth demonstration established here.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/labradorite-light-and-layers.svg", "alt": "Arrows meet a layered region and return; a separate note identifies orientation-dependent appearance.", "caption": "A conceptual view of light and internal layers. Labradorescence depends on orientation; this is not a measured optical model.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "lab-optical-model" ], "evidence_section_id": "light-layers", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "8095b5ec5b9f10dab2d9bc72d4f3c59e11f439e44352d09ccbe7a3247d933649" } ] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::lab-handbook", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "lab-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Labradorite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/labradorite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF body read. Broken range separators in OCR were not used to adopt numerical hardness or refractive-index ranges. No photograph or PDF image reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Reference-level description; not a measurement, origin determination or treatment assessment of a reader-owned specimen.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::lab-smithsonian", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "lab-smithsonian", "title": "Labradorite Carving, NMNH G1750", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002820", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "first-party collection record", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated record, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete parsed collection record read, including locality, weight, purchase wording and optical explanation.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "The acquisition line uses awkward wording, “Gift of Purchase”; article adopts only purchase in 1888. No artist or production date established; no image reused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::lab-optical-model", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "lab-optical-model", "title": "Rendering the Effect of Labradorescence", "url": "https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2009/weidlich_2009_REL/weidlich_2009_REL-.pdf", "publisher": "Andrea Weidlich and Alexander Wilkie; Vienna University of Technology research repository", "institution": "Andrea Weidlich and Alexander Wilkie; Vienna University of Technology research repository", "kind": "original optical-rendering research", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2009", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Parsed PDF abstract, physical explanation and modelling sections read, including assumptions. Seven-page paper; no rendered image reused and no model reproduced.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Selected body reading supports physical-model discussion. Model assumptions and simulations are not an identification experiment on an owner’s stone.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::lab-cochise", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "lab-cochise", "title": "Labradorite teaching collection", "url": "https://geology.cochise.edu/mineral-type/labradorite/", "publisher": "Cochise College Geology", "institution": "Cochise College Geology", "kind": "first-party teaching collection", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main teaching description and caption list read; individual photograph files not opened or reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Composition and descriptive teaching labels used. Hardness differs from Handbook and is omitted; generic toxicity labels are not adopted. Site image wording is not treated as a licence for this project.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::gia-moonstone", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "gia-moonstone", "title": "Moonstone Description", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/moonstone-description", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party gemological education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main description read, including orthoclase–albite explanation and rainbow-moonstone trade usage.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Describes selected feldspar material and terminology; not every trade usage or an identity finding for a sold object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::nps-minerals", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "nps-minerals", "title": "Minerals", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "publisher": "U.S. National Park Service", "institution": "U.S. National Park Service", "kind": "government geological education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main mineral descriptions and mineral-versus-rock explanation read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General mineral properties and rock examples; not a gem-origin or specimen-testing service.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party treatment education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Treatment descriptions read, specifically feldspar lattice diffusion, amazonite impregnation and tiger’s-eye bleaching.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Examples establish documented treatment categories, not prevalence, every commercial treatment, or the status of a particular specimen.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party care education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care guidance read, including cleaning and ultrasonic cautions.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance requires adjustment for a particular setting, treatment and condition; no cleaning service performed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-labradorite::gia-analysis", "article_id": "gem-labradorite", "id": "gia-analysis", "title": "How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones from Start to Finish", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party laboratory workflow", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main identification and instrument-workflow sections read. No stone submitted or report ordered.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Workflow description establishes complementary analytical methods, not a report about any object in this article.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/labradorite-light-and-layers.svg", "alt": "Arrows meet a layered region and return; a separate note identifies orientation-dependent appearance.", "caption": "A conceptual view of light and internal layers. 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Virginia pegmatite, Mongolian granite, colour experiments and a museum acquisition show how a variety name can connect several kinds of evidence without becoming a new mineral species.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_ids": [ "identity-microcline" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "identity-microcline", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-virginia", "microcline-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "appearance-texture", "source_ids": [ "microcline-handbook", "amazonite-smithsonian" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "care-and-evidence", "source_ids": [ "microcline-handbook", "gia-care", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-colour-1985" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "pegmatite-formation", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-virginia" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "avdar-formation", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-avdar-1981" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "pegmatite-formation", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-virginia" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "avdar-formation", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-avdar-1981" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "museum-history", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "gia-treatment", "amazonite-colour-1985" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "gia-treatment", "amazonite-colour-1985" ] } ], "scope": "No reviewed commercial gem-growth demonstration; no absence or impossibility claim." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "care-and-evidence", "source_ids": [ "microcline-handbook", "gia-care", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "museum-history", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-colour-1985" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "avdar-formation", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-avdar-1981" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "entry_id": "gem-amazonite", "section_id": "museum-history", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." } }, "property_labels": { "Classification": "Blue-green variety of microcline.", "Parent formula": "KAlSi3O8.", "Structure": "Triclinic microcline.", "Colour research": "Lead and structurally bound water." }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Blue-green variety of microcline.", "scope": "Variety name within a parent species.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-virginia" ], "source_url": "https://www.energy.virginia.gov/geology/Amazonite.shtml", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Parent formula", "value": "KAlSi3O8.", "scope": "Parent mineral formula, not a complete impurity analysis.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-virginia" ], "source_url": "https://www.energy.virginia.gov/geology/Amazonite.shtml", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Structure", "value": "Triclinic microcline.", "scope": "Parent species structure; not proven for a reader specimen.", "source_ids": [ "microcline-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/microcline.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Colour research", "value": "Lead and structurally bound water.", "scope": "Factors investigated in the attributed 1985 colour interpretation.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-colour-1985" ], "source_url": "https://msaweb.org/AmMin/AM70/AM70_794.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; 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not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Structure", "value": "Triclinic microcline.", "scope": "Parent species structure; not proven for a reader specimen.", "source_ids": [ "microcline-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/microcline.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Colour research", "value": "Lead and structurally bound water.", "scope": "Factors investigated in the attributed 1985 colour interpretation.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-colour-1985" ], "source_url": "https://msaweb.org/AmMin/AM70/AM70_794.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Morefield pegmatite, Amelia County, Virginia", "scope": "Government geological example; no present mine-access or production claim.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-virginia" ], "source_url": "https://www.energy.virginia.gov/geology/Amazonite.shtml", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Avdar Massif, Mongolia", "scope": "Published abstract-level study setting.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-avdar-1981" ], "source_url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01081855", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "United States, Virginia: NMNH G4092", "scope": "Museum locality breadth; not silently assigned to Morefield.", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-smithsonian" ], "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002689", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [ { "related_entity_id": "gem-labradorite", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "gem-moonstone", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-mineral-species-and-varieties", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-reading-a-gem-map", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-treatments-and-assemblies", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "amazonite-colour-study", "title": "Hofmeister and Rossman’s 1985 colour study", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "colour-research", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-colour-1985" ], "scope": "Selected body and discussion read; interpretation attributed.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "amazonite-avdar-study", "title": "Avdar study, 1981", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "avdar-formation", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-avdar-1981" ], "scope": "Publisher abstract only; full methods unavailable.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "amazonite-1919-acquisition", "title": "NMNH G4092, purchased in 1919", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "museum-history", "source_ids": [ "amazonite-smithsonian" ], "scope": "Acquisition record, not discovery or formation date.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "colour-research", "avdar-formation", "museum-history" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Identity, treatment and growth origin require separate evidence. No owner-specimen origin finding or commercial laboratory-growth demonstration established here.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::amazonite-virginia", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "amazonite-virginia", "title": "Amazonite", "url": "https://www.energy.virginia.gov/geology/Amazonite.shtml", "publisher": "Virginia Department of Energy, Geology and Mineral Resources", "institution": "Virginia Department of Energy, Geology and Mineral Resources", "kind": "government geology and locality account", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page; includes 2023 production discussion", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main page body read, including pegmatite context and Morefield examples. No mine photograph used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Historical and geological examples only. Production wording is not used as a current supply statement; internally awkward discovery wording does not establish a first discoverer. Metaphysical claims on the page are not adopted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::microcline-handbook", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "microcline-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Microcline", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/microcline.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF body read. Broken range separators in OCR were not used to adopt numerical hardness or refractive-index ranges. No photograph or PDF image reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Microcline species description, not an assertion that every occurrence or every microcline crystal is Amazonite. No owner-specimen conclusions.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::amazonite-colour-1985", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "amazonite-colour-1985", "title": "A spectroscopic study of irradiation coloring of amazonite: structurally hydrous, Pb-bearing feldspar", "url": "https://msaweb.org/AmMin/AM70/AM70_794.pdf", "publisher": "Anne M. Hofmeister and George R. Rossman; American Mineralogist", "institution": "Anne M. Hofmeister and George R. Rossman; American Mineralogist", "kind": "original experimental mineral-colour study", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "1985; volume 70, pages 794–804", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Abstract, initial experimental-method sections and discussion pages read in parsed eleven-page PDF. Selected body reading; no spectra, tables or images reproduced.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Study of coloured potassium feldspars using spectroscopy and experimental heating/irradiation. Authors’ mechanistic interpretation is attributed; no inference that a reader-owned stone was irradiated or heated.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::amazonite-avdar-1981", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "amazonite-avdar-1981", "title": "Amazonite from the alkali granite of the Avdar Massif, Mongolia", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01081855", "publisher": "E. Pivec, J. Ševčik and J. Ulrych; Springer Nature publisher record", "institution": "E. Pivec, J. Ševčik and J. Ulrych; Springer Nature publisher record", "kind": "original geological study abstract and metadata", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "December 1981; volume 28, pages 277–283", "verification_status": "abstract_and_metadata_read", "access_notes": "Publisher English abstract, metadata and institutional author affiliations read. Full article is subscription content; no purchase, login or paywall bypass attempted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Abstract-level physical/chemical identification and inferred formation setting only; experimental methods, full data and figure not inspected.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::amazonite-smithsonian", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "amazonite-smithsonian", "title": "Amazonite, NMNH G4092", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002689", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "first-party collection record", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated record, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete parsed collection body and acquisition table read. No source photograph reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Record identifies Virginia broadly; its Morefield narrative is not treated as proof this particular specimen came from that mine. Conflicting discovery wording is not resolved by invention.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::nps-minerals", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "nps-minerals", "title": "Minerals", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/minerals.htm", "publisher": "U.S. National Park Service", "institution": "U.S. National Park Service", "kind": "government geological education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main mineral descriptions and mineral-versus-rock explanation read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General mineral properties and rock examples; not a gem-origin or specimen-testing service.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party treatment education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Treatment descriptions read, specifically feldspar lattice diffusion, amazonite impregnation and tiger’s-eye bleaching.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Examples establish documented treatment categories, not prevalence, every commercial treatment, or the status of a particular specimen.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party care education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care guidance read, including cleaning and ultrasonic cautions.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance requires adjustment for a particular setting, treatment and condition; no cleaning service performed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-amazonite::gia-analysis", "article_id": "gem-amazonite", "id": "gia-analysis", "title": "How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones from Start to Finish", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party laboratory workflow", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main identification and instrument-workflow sections read. No stone submitted or report ordered.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Workflow description establishes complementary analytical methods, not a report about any object in this article.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "blue-green microcline", "Morefield Amazonite", "Avdar Amazonite" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "name": "Tiger’s-eye quartz", "entity_type": "mineral_variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Quartz", "aliases": [ "tiger eye quartz", "tiger's-eye quartz" ], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-tigers-eye-quartz" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-tigers-eye-quartz.html" ], "word_count": 1392, "summary": "Tiger’s-eye is chatoyant quartz. Its moving band, a disputed formation interpretation and a carefully mounted museum slab show why optical appearance, geological history and object durability need different evidence.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_ids": [ "identity-quartz" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "identity-quartz", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-quartz", "quartz-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "quartz-properties", "source_ids": [ "quartz-handbook", "tiger-gema-quartz" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "light-chatoyancy", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-chatoyancy" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "formation-old-model", "source_ids": [ "tiger-psu-report", "tiger-origin-2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "formation-crack-seal", "source_ids": [ "tiger-psu-report", "tiger-origin-2003" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "places-and-scale", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-chatoyancy", "tiger-psu-report", "tiger-gia-slab", "quartz-smithsonian" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "museum-slab", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gia-slab" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "gia-treatment", "tiger-gema-quartz", "tiger-origin-2003" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "treatment-and-growth", "source_ids": [ "gia-treatment", "tiger-gema-quartz", "tiger-origin-2003" ] } ], "scope": "No reviewed commercial gem-growth demonstration; no absence or impossibility claim." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "care-and-analysis", "source_ids": [ "gia-care", "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "formation-old-model", "source_ids": [ "tiger-psu-report", "tiger-origin-2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "research-exchange", "source_ids": [ "tiger-reply-2004", "tiger-origin-2003", "tiger-gia-slab" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "formation-crack-seal", "source_ids": [ "tiger-psu-report", "tiger-origin-2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "research-exchange", "source_ids": [ "tiger-reply-2004", "tiger-origin-2003", "tiger-gia-slab" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "entry_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "section_id": "museum-slab", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gia-slab" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded cited sections; not an exhaustive catalogue or specimen certification." } }, "property_labels": { "Classification": "Chatoyant variety of quartz.", "Parent formula": "SiO2.", "Quartz hardness": "Mohs 7.", "Optical effect": "Chatoyancy." }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Chatoyant variety of quartz.", "scope": "Material variety, not an extra mineral species.", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-quartz" ], "source_url": "https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/exploring-the-varieties-of-quartz/", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Parent formula", "value": "SiO2.", "scope": "Quartz formula, not analysis of every constituent in an aggregate.", "source_ids": [ "quartz-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/quartz.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Quartz hardness", "value": "Mohs 7.", "scope": "Quartz reference property, not total object durability.", "source_ids": [ "quartz-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/quartz.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Optical effect", "value": "Chatoyancy.", "scope": "Band associated with oriented inclusions and cutting geometry.", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-chatoyancy" ], "source_url": "https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/understanding-the-cats-eye-effect-in-gemstones/", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "chatoyant variety of quartz", "aliases": [ "tiger's-eye quartz", "tiger eye quartz" ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "chatoyant quartz", "tiger’s-eye formation debate", "Marra Mamba tiger’s-eye" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Classification", "value": "Chatoyant variety of quartz.", "scope": "Material variety, not an extra mineral species.", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-quartz" ], "source_url": "https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/exploring-the-varieties-of-quartz/", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Parent formula", "value": "SiO2.", "scope": "Quartz formula, not analysis of every constituent in an aggregate.", "source_ids": [ "quartz-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/quartz.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Quartz hardness", "value": "Mohs 7.", "scope": "Quartz reference property, not total object durability.", "source_ids": [ "quartz-handbook" ], "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/quartz.pdf", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Optical effect", "value": "Chatoyancy.", "scope": "Band associated with oriented inclusions and cutting geometry.", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gema-chatoyancy" ], "source_url": "https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/understanding-the-cats-eye-effect-in-gemstones/", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement." } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "South Africa", "scope": "Study material context; no reader-object origin determination.", "source_ids": [ "tiger-psu-report" ], "source_url": "https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/structure-tiger-eye-reevaluated-after-125-years", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Marra Mamba Iron Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia", "scope": "Locality of the museum slab account, not every commercial specimen.", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gia-slab" ], "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-museum-exhibit-tigers-eye-quartz", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true } ], "relationships": [ { "related_entity_id": "gem-cats-eye-chrysoberyl", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "gem-rock-crystal", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "gem-smoky-quartz", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "gem-hematite", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-hardness-toughness-stability", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." }, { "related_entity_id": "guide-treatments-and-assemblies", "relationship": "related published reading", "scope": "Crosslink to an existing profile or guide; does not add a new entity count." } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "tiger-origin-study", "title": "Heaney and Fisher, 2003", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "formation-crack-seal", "source_ids": [ "tiger-origin-2003", "tiger-psu-report" ], "scope": "Original abstract and institutional report; full paper unavailable.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "tiger-reply-record", "title": "Reply metadata, 2004", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "research-exchange", "source_ids": [ "tiger-reply-2004" ], "scope": "Publication metadata only; detailed response not reconstructed.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "tiger-slab-installation", "title": "The 180-kilogram GIA slab", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "museum-slab", "source_ids": [ "tiger-gia-slab" ], "scope": "Specific object dimensions and designed support; no image or video reused.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "formation-crack-seal", "research-exchange", "museum-slab" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Identity, treatment and growth origin require separate evidence. No owner-specimen origin finding or commercial laboratory-growth demonstration established here.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::tiger-origin-2003", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "tiger-origin-2003", "title": "New interpretation of the origin of tiger’s-eye", "url": "https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/new-interpretation-of-the-origin-of-tigers-eye/", "publisher": "Peter J. Heaney and Donald M. Fisher; Penn State research record for Geology", "institution": "Peter J. Heaney and Donald M. Fisher; Penn State research record for Geology", "kind": "original research abstract and publication metadata", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "April 2003; Geology 31(4), 323–326", "verification_status": "abstract_and_metadata_read", "access_notes": "Author-institution abstract and metadata read. Journal full-paper endpoint returned access denial; no full paper or original micrographs inspected.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Abstract supports the authors’ interpretation and method summary, not independent validation of all data or a universal verdict.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::tiger-psu-report", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "tiger-psu-report", "title": "Structure of tiger-eye re-evaluated after 125 years", "url": "https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/structure-tiger-eye-reevaluated-after-125-years", "publisher": "Penn State", "institution": "Penn State", "kind": "first-party institutional research report", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Report concerns 2003 study; page updated 2009-03-19", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main report body read, including South African samples, microscopy and competing formation explanations.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Institutional report summarises authors’ work; not the full original paper. Sample scope retained; no universal asbestos-free, exposure-risk or specimen-safety conclusion adopted.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::tiger-reply-2004", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "tiger-reply-2004", "title": "New interpretation of the origin of tiger’s-eye: Reply", "url": "https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/new-interpretation-of-the-origin-of-tigers-eye-reply/", "publisher": "Peter J. Heaney and Donald M. Fisher; Penn State research record for Geology", "institution": "Peter J. Heaney and Donald M. Fisher; Penn State research record for Geology", "kind": "original scholarly reply publication metadata", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "January 2004; Geology 32(1), e45", "verification_status": "metadata_read", "access_notes": "Author-institution title, authorship, date and page metadata read; no reply body or abstract provided.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Metadata establishes that a reply exists. Its reasoning and the associated comment’s detailed argument were not inspected.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::tiger-gia-slab", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "tiger-gia-slab", "title": "An Enormous Tiger’s-eye Slab on Display", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-museum-exhibit-tigers-eye-quartz", "publisher": "GIA Museum", "institution": "GIA Museum", "kind": "first-party object and installation account", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main text read, including dimensions, mass, Marra Mamba setting and mounting decisions. Linked video and source images not reused or independently inspected.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Specific slab account and institution’s geological explanation. Current visitor access and every numerical geological claim were not separately verified; does not certify the condition of jewellery.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::tiger-gema-chatoyancy", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "tiger-gema-chatoyancy", "title": "Understanding the Cat’s Eye Effect in Gemstones", "url": "https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/understanding-the-cats-eye-effect-in-gemstones/", "publisher": "Gem-A; Barbara Kolator, collection curator", "institution": "Gem-A; Barbara Kolator, collection curator", "kind": "first-party gemmological teaching", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2019-11-28", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main optical explanation, naming convention and tiger’s-eye discussion read. No source image used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Teaching account, not a new analytical study. Optical examples and representative localities do not determine an owner’s specimen.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::tiger-gema-quartz", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "tiger-gema-quartz", "title": "Exploring the Varieties of Quartz", "url": "https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/exploring-the-varieties-of-quartz/", "publisher": "Gem-A; Pat Daly", "institution": "Gem-A; Pat Daly", "kind": "first-party gemmological teaching", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2019-10-09", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main quartz variety and tiger’s-eye passages read. Selected body reading; no photographs reused.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General quartz synthesis statements are not interpreted as a laboratory-grown tiger’s-eye demonstration.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::quartz-handbook", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "quartz-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Quartz", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/quartz.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed body read, including SiO2, hardness 7 and fracture description. Broken ranges in other tables not adopted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Quartz reference properties do not measure all constituents of a tiger’s-eye rock, or certify any particular polished object.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::quartz-smithsonian", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "quartz-smithsonian", "title": "All Sorts of Quartz", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-resources/featured-collections/all-sorts-quartz", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "first-party collection-based teaching", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main mineral, rock, crystal, cabochon and quartz-variety descriptions read. No source image used.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Teaching definitions and examples, not a specimen origin or treatment report. Historical myth language is not adopted as geological fact.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party treatment education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated page, checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Treatment descriptions read, specifically feldspar lattice diffusion, amazonite impregnation and tiger’s-eye bleaching.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Examples establish documented treatment categories, not prevalence, every commercial treatment, or the status of a particular specimen.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "first-party care education", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care guidance read, including cleaning and ultrasonic cautions.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance requires adjustment for a particular setting, treatment and condition; no cleaning service performed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz::gia-analysis", "article_id": "gem-tigers-eye-quartz", "id": "gia-analysis", "title": "How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones from Start to Finish", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party laboratory workflow", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main identification and instrument-workflow sections read. No stone submitted or report ordered.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_structure on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Workflow description establishes complementary analytical methods, not a report about any object in this article.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "chatoyant quartz", "tiger’s-eye formation debate", "Marra Mamba tiger’s-eye" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-danburite", "name": "Danburite", "entity_type": "mineral_species", "kind": "material", "family": "Calcium borosilicate", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-danburite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-danburite.html" ], "word_count": 1266, "summary": "A named museum gem and a pressure experiment reveal different questions about danburite, from a documented acquisition to changing atomic arrangements.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "section_ids": [ "identity", "formation-and-map", "growth-origin" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Species definition without specimen authentication." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Selected descriptive properties; damaged numerical ranges omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Reference colour range; not an identification or full optical table." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "formation-and-map", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Representative occurrence settings; not a single deposit history." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "formation-and-map", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Selected reference localities, not current production." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "identification-and-treatments", "source_ids": [ "gia-analysis" ] } ], "scope": "General workflow read; no danburite-specific treatment survey verified." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "General jewel care; no material-specific performance test." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "documented-gem", "source_ids": [ "danburite-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "One acquisition history; no first-human discoverer claim." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "pressure-research", "source_ids": [ "danburite-pressure" ] } ], "scope": "Named study and museum object elsewhere; selected evidence only." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-danburite", "entry_id": "gem-danburite", "section_id": "growth-origin", "source_ids": [ "danburite-analogue" ] } ], "scope": "Chemically different structural analogue; no retail gem-growth evidence." } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "CaB2Si2O8", "Symmetry": "Orthorhombic", "Cleavage": "Indistinct" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Composition", "value": "CaB2Si2O8", "scope": "Species formula, not a specimen measurement.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Symmetry", "value": "Orthorhombic", "scope": "Ambient reference structure.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Indistinct", "scope": "Reference property; no destructive test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "mineral species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "golden yellow danburite", "danburite pressure research" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Composition", "value": "CaB2Si2O8", "scope": "Species formula, not a specimen measurement.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Symmetry", "value": "Orthorhombic", "scope": "Ambient reference structure.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Indistinct", "scope": "Reference property; no destructive test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Charcas, Mexico", "scope": "Representative occurrence; not a jewellery origin finding.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania", "scope": "Locality attributed to the named museum object only.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-smithsonian" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026474" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Dalnegorsk, Russia", "scope": "Source of the study starting crystal.", "source_ids": [ "danburite-pressure" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://journals.iucr.org/m/issues/2017/05/00/lt5006/index.html" } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "danburite-g11481", "title": "Smithsonian G11481", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "documented-gem", "source_ids": [ "danburite-smithsonian" ], "scope": "Named collection acquisition; no current-display promise.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "danburite-2017-pressure", "title": "2017 pressure experiment", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "pressure-research", "source_ids": [ "danburite-pressure" ], "scope": "Controlled crystallographic experiment, not a jewellery wear test.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "documented-gem", "pressure-research", "growth-origin" ], "growth_origin_scope": "High-pressure transformations and a different structural analogue are not documented commercial growth of danburite gemstones.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::danburite-handbook", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "danburite-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Danburite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/danburite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF read. Damaged numerical range separators were not adopted.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Reference occurrence list is representative, not a source certificate or current mining inventory.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::danburite-smithsonian", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "danburite-smithsonian", "title": "Danburite, NMNH G11481", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10026474", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "first-party collection record", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Collection description and object data table read, including locality, accession and acquisition year.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Museum attribution for this named object only. No current-display, commercial-prevalence or independent locality verification claimed.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::danburite-pressure", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "danburite-pressure", "title": "A closer look into close packing: pentacoordinated silicon in a high-pressure polymorph of danburite", "url": "https://journals.iucr.org/m/issues/2017/05/00/lt5006/index.html", "publisher": "IUCrJ; Anna Pakhomova and colleagues", "institution": "IUCrJ; Anna Pakhomova and colleagues", "kind": "primary crystallographic experiment", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2017-08-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Publisher main article introduction, methods, results and discussion read; pressure routes and starting sample checked. DOI 10.1107/S2052252517010612.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Diamond-anvil experiment on a selected sample; supplemental crystallographic data were not independently recomputed. Not jewellery wear or commercial growth evidence.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::danburite-analogue", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "danburite-analogue", "title": "Crystal structure of KBSi3O8 isostructural with danburite", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/crystal-structure-of-kbsi3o8-isostructural-with-danburite/A1082BE4BFE3AD4BF72CE24091641F55", "publisher": "Mineralogical Magazine; Mitsuyoshi Kimata", "institution": "Mineralogical Magazine; Mitsuyoshi Kimata", "kind": "primary research abstract and metadata", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "1993-03", "verification_status": "abstract_and_metadata_read", "access_notes": "Publisher abstract and issue metadata read. Original publication is 1993; online posting is 2018. DOI 10.1180/minmag.1993.057.386.15.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Full article and growth procedure not read. Abstract establishes a chemically different structural analogue, not commercial synthetic danburite.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::danburite-topaz-reference", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "danburite-topaz-reference", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Topaz", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/topaz.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical comparison reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF read; formula, symmetry, cleavage and hardness used for a bounded comparison.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Properties of topaz are not measurements of danburite or a visual identification method.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::gia-analysis", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "gia-analysis", "title": "How GIA Analyzes Colored Stones from Start to Finish", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/guide-how-gia-analyzes-colored-stones", "publisher": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "institution": "GIA; Phoebe Shang", "kind": "first-party laboratory workflow", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2025-09-30", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main workflow discussion read, including microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and combined interpretation.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General workflow; no guarantee that a particular service or geographical-origin determination is available for danburite.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-danburite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-danburite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care guidance read, including organic/coated/filled materials, ultrasonic cleaning and storage.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance, not a conservation protocol or a performance test of any material or individual jewel.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "golden yellow danburite", "danburite pressure research" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-jet", "name": "Jet", "entity_type": "organic_material", "kind": "material", "family": "Fossil wood-derived material", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-jet" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-jet.html" ], "word_count": 1298, "summary": "Jet connects unresolved formation questions with carefully documented jewellery: a Whitby chessboard, a reconstructed Scottish set and grave-position evidence.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-jet", "section_ids": [ "identity", "jet-like-materials" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ] } ], "scope": "Bounded Whitby material identity; no authentication." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "formation", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ] } ], "scope": "Four local varieties; no general numeric property table." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "chessboard", "source_ids": [ "jet-chessboard" ] } ], "scope": "Named-object contrasts in polish and material; not a complete optical description." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "formation", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ] } ], "scope": "Current corrected account with explicitly unresolved process." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "dunragit", "source_ids": [ "jet-dunragit" ] } ], "scope": "Find context and bounded raw-material attribution are separated." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "care-and-disclosure", "source_ids": [ "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "General advice only; no systematic jet treatment survey." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "care-and-disclosure", "source_ids": [ "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "General protected storage and professional conservation referral." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "chessboard", "source_ids": [ "jet-chessboard" ] } ], "scope": "Selected documented object chronology, not a complete history." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "balgay", "source_ids": [ "jet-balgay" ] } ], "scope": "Named reconstruction with explicit replacement components." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-jet", "entry_id": "gem-jet", "section_id": "care-and-disclosure", "source_ids": [ "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "No verified growth account; other black materials are not automatically synthetic jet." } }, "property_labels": { "Material class": "Carbonaceous fossil material", "Formation": "Exact process unresolved" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Material class", "value": "Carbonaceous fossil material", "scope": "Museum material explanation, not a mineral species.", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/collection/jet-and-jet-jewellery/" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Formation", "value": "Exact process unresolved", "scope": "Current Whitby research discussion explicitly preserves uncertainty.", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/collection/jet-and-jet-jewellery/" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "organic gem material", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Whitby jet jewellery", "Balgay jet reconstruction", "Dunragit jet research" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Material class", "value": "Carbonaceous fossil material", "scope": "Museum material explanation, not a mineral species.", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/collection/jet-and-jet-jewellery/" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Formation", "value": "Exact process unresolved", "scope": "Current Whitby research discussion explicitly preserves uncertainty.", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/collection/jet-and-jet-jewellery/" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Whitby, Yorkshire", "scope": "Local formation and collection context; not the source of every jet jewel.", "source_ids": [ "jet-whitby-collection" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/collection/jet-and-jet-jewellery/" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Balgay Estate, Dundee", "scope": "Find locality, distinct from raw-material attribution.", "source_ids": [ "jet-balgay" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://media.nms.ac.uk/news/bronze-age-jewellery-restored-for-the-first-time-in-thousands-of-years" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "East Challoch Farm, Dunragit", "scope": "Archaeological find context, not raw-material formation locality.", "source_ids": [ "jet-dunragit" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.guard-archaeology.co.uk/DunragitBlog/?p=192" } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "jet-sherwood", "title": "Sherwood chessboard", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "chessboard", "source_ids": [ "jet-chessboard" ], "scope": "One documented object, finished after its intended celebration.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "jet-balgay-reconstruction", "title": "Balgay reconstruction", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "balgay", "source_ids": [ "jet-balgay" ], "scope": "Ancient components and recreated missing beads explicitly separated.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "jet-dunragit-context", "title": "Dunragit grave context", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "dunragit", "source_ids": [ "jet-dunragit" ], "scope": "Comparative dating and arrangement interpretation, not direct dates for these graves.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "chessboard", "balgay", "dunragit", "research-questions" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Formation, reconstruction and imitation are separate questions; no laboratory growth of jet is documented by this source set.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::jet-whitby-collection", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "jet-whitby-collection", "title": "Jet and Jet Jewellery", "url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/collection/jet-and-jet-jewellery/", "publisher": "Whitby Museum", "institution": "Whitby Museum", "kind": "first-party collection and current research discussion", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Current main collection discussion read, including competing formation accounts, four varieties, palaeobotanical limits and care.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Museum explicitly notes unresolved formation. Its corrected account is preferred to older simplified FAQs; no universal tree-species or present production claim.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::jet-chessboard", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "jet-chessboard", "title": "Jet Chessboard", "url": "https://whitbymuseum.org.uk/jet-chessboard/", "publisher": "Whitby Museum", "institution": "Whitby Museum", "kind": "first-party documented object history", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2021-02-11", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main object history and material construction description read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Museum attribution for one object; imagery was not downloaded or licensed. Border ivory is described without generalising an acquisition history.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::jet-balgay", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "jet-balgay", "title": "Bronze Age jewellery restored for the first time in thousands of years", "url": "https://media.nms.ac.uk/news/bronze-age-jewellery-restored-for-the-first-time-in-thousands-of-years", "publisher": "National Museums Scotland", "institution": "National Museums Scotland", "kind": "first-party collection research and reconstruction announcement", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2024-08-27", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main announcement read, including original components, missing replica beads and changed interpretation.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Museum research attribution; reconstruction contains modern replacement beads. Announced 2024 display is not verified current display in 2026.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::jet-dunragit", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "jet-dunragit", "title": "Investigating the Dunragit jet set", "url": "https://www.guard-archaeology.co.uk/DunragitBlog/?p=192", "publisher": "GUARD Archaeology; Alison Sheridan", "institution": "GUARD Archaeology; Alison Sheridan", "kind": "first-party archaeological research discussion", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2020-07-24", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main research account read, including deposition, comparative dating, sourcing interpretation and reconstruction limits.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Specialist participant account of selected graves. No successful direct radiocarbon date for these jet graves; source attribution is sample-specific.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::jet-scarf-traditions", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "jet-scarf-traditions", "title": "Early Bronze Age use of jet and jet-like materials", "url": "https://scarf.scot/national/scarf-bronze-age-panel-report/4-material-culture-and-use-of-resources/4-3-stone-artefact-traditions/4-3-3-jet-and-jet-like-materials/4-3-3-2-early-bronze-age-use-of-jet-and-jet-like-materials-22nd-century-c-1750-bc/", "publisher": "Scottish Archaeological Research Framework; Bronze Age panel", "institution": "Scottish Archaeological Research Framework; Bronze Age panel", "kind": "scholarly research framework", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main material-tradition discussion and object captions read, including cannel/oil shale and Rameldry lizardite distinction.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Bounded Scottish archaeological corpus and synthesis, not the composition of all black beads or a global tradition.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::jet-scarf-questions", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "jet-scarf-questions", "title": "Outstanding research questions: jet and jet-like materials", "url": "https://scarf.scot/national/scarf-bronze-age-panel-report/4-material-culture-and-use-of-resources/4-3-stone-artefact-traditions/4-3-3-jet-and-jet-like-materials/4-3-3-4-outstanding-research-questions/", "publisher": "Scottish Archaeological Research Framework; Bronze Age panel", "institution": "Scottish Archaeological Research Framework; Bronze Age panel", "kind": "scholarly research agenda", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Entire four-question main body read: sourcing, associated remains, grave position and dating.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Published research agenda, not new answers. Minimally destructive specialist sourcing mentioned by the source is not a home-test instruction.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-jet::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-jet", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care guidance read, including organic/coated/filled materials, ultrasonic cleaning and storage.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance, not a conservation protocol or a performance test of any material or individual jewel.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Whitby jet jewellery", "Balgay jet reconstruction", "Dunragit jet research" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-ammolite", "name": "Ammolite", "entity_type": "biogenic_material", "kind": "material", "family": "Fossil shell gem materials", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-ammolite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-ammolite.html" ], "word_count": 1260, "summary": "Ammolite can be read through its animal, preserved shell layer, optical research and jewellery construction, with each story kept at its proper scale.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Gem material, fossil and mineral component distinguished." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "aragonite", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-aragonite" ] } ], "scope": "Selected component reference properties, not a finished-jewel test." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "optics", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Sample-specific optical interpretation; no universal colour sequence." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "geological-history", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Published formation proposal retains research gaps." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Historical study region, not specimen-level origin." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "assembly", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-fashionable", "gia-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "Construction and impregnation distinguished; current percentages unverified." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "care", "source_ids": [ "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "General care principles require object-specific advice." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "designation", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-alberta-emblems" ] } ], "scope": "One verified designation event; no first-human discovery narrative." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "kabuki", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-kabuki" ] } ], "scope": "Named object plus sample-specific study elsewhere." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "entry_id": "gem-ammolite", "section_id": "assembly", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-fashionable" ] } ], "scope": "Assembled components and impregnation are not evidence of laboratory growth of fossil shell." } }, "property_labels": { "Principal mineral": "Aragonite", "Mineral formula": "CaCO3" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Principal mineral", "value": "Aragonite", "scope": "Principal constituent in the historical study; not a specimen analysis.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Iridescent-Fossilized-Ammonite-from-Southern-Alberta-Canada.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mineral formula", "value": "CaCO3", "scope": "Aragonite reference, not the whole finished jewel.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-aragonite" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/aragonite.pdf" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "biogenic fossil gem material", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Ammolite shell layer", "Ammolite doublet and triplet", "Alberta Ammolite research" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Principal mineral", "value": "Aragonite", "scope": "Principal constituent in the historical study; not a specimen analysis.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Iridescent-Fossilized-Ammonite-from-Southern-Alberta-Canada.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mineral formula", "value": "CaCO3", "scope": "Aragonite reference, not the whole finished jewel.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-aragonite" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Descriptive source scope; not a test of a reader-owned object.", "uncertainty": "No specimen-level conclusion follows from this reference statement.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/aragonite.pdf" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Southern Alberta, Canada", "scope": "Bounded study region; not a certificate for a reader-owned jewel.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Iridescent-Fossilized-Ammonite-from-Southern-Alberta-Canada.pdf" } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "ammolite-2001-optics", "title": "2001 optical study", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "optics", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ], "scope": "Selected layered sample and bounded interference interpretation.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "ammolite-kabuki-object", "title": "Kabuki Brooch", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "kabuki", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-kabuki" ], "scope": "Named designer and construction record; current display unverified.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "ammolite-2022-emblem", "title": "Alberta gemstone designation", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "designation", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-alberta-emblems" ], "scope": "Civic designation date, not a discovery or fossil date.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "optics", "kabuki", "designation" ], "growth_origin_scope": "An assembly containing a natural fossil layer is not evidence that the shell was laboratory-grown; no commercial growth account is verified here.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "Text citations do not confer an image licence. No external image was downloaded or used.", "original_diagrams": [ { "src": "assets/education/ammolite-construction-stacks.svg", "alt": "Three schematic stacks show one-sided solid, doublet and triplet construction.", "caption": "Examples described in a 2001 study. A one-sided solid retains natural matrix; a doublet has attached backing; a triplet adds a cap. Treatment needs its own record.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ], "evidence_section_id": "assembly", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "0f4506875bf636c926159a42319c287858adb7a90137224c42fa9a1f2635f514" } ] }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::ammolite-gia-2001", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "ammolite-gia-2001", "title": "Ammolite: Iridescent Fossilized Ammonite from Southern Alberta, Canada", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Iridescent-Fossilized-Ammonite-from-Southern-Alberta-Canada.pdf", "publisher": "GIA Gems & Gemology; Keith A. Mychaluk, Alfred A. Levinson and Russell L. Hall", "institution": "GIA Gems & Gemology; Keith A. Mychaluk, Alfred A. Levinson and Russell L. Hall", "kind": "primary gemological study", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 Spring", "verification_status": "selected_body_sections_read", "access_notes": "Actual 22-page PDF retrieved and selected body sections read: identity/geology, formation discussion, production/manufacturing pp14–17, optical analysis and conclusion. DOI 10.5741/GEMS.37.1.4. No complete cover-to-cover or independent table reconstruction claimed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Historical sample study and contemporary trade observations; no current prevalence, price, production or reserve claims. Formation interpretation remains bounded.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::ammolite-aragonite", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "ammolite-aragonite", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Aragonite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/aragonite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by the Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001–2005 version 1", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "One-page parsed reference read for formula, symmetry, brittleness, hardness and varied occurrence settings.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Species reference, not a measurement of an Ammolite layer, a treatment survey or an object certificate.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::ammolite-animal", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "ammolite-animal", "title": "What is an ammonite?", "url": "https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-an-ammonite.html", "publisher": "Natural History Museum, London; Emily Osterloff with curator Zoë Hughes", "institution": "Natural History Museum, London; Emily Osterloff with curator Zoë Hughes", "kind": "first-party palaeontological explanation", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main animal, chambered-shell and fossil-evidence discussion read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General ammonite account, not identification of the species or age of a reader-owned fossil or gem.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::ammolite-fashionable", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "ammolite-fashionable", "title": "Ammolite: A Fashionable Fossil", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/ammolite-gem-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional gem-material and construction explanation", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main material, patterns, impregnation and doublet/triplet construction discussion read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Historical descriptive account. Sweeping ancient-ecology and cultural-luck claims were omitted; no present treatment percentage or image licence inferred.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::ammolite-kabuki", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "ammolite-kabuki", "title": "Kabuki Brooch", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-museum-exhibit-kabuki-brooch", "publisher": "GIA Museum", "institution": "GIA Museum", "kind": "first-party named jewellery record", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete short object description read: designer, principal material, gold, accent gems and granulation attribution.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Past-exhibit record, not verified current display. Its broad fossil-age statement was omitted; the named object was not independently dated.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::ammolite-alberta-emblems", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "ammolite-alberta-emblems", "title": "Alberta emblems", "url": "https://www.alberta.ca/alberta-emblems", "publisher": "Government of Alberta", "institution": "Government of Alberta", "kind": "official designation record", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Official gemstone and official stone sections read; April 2022 and 1977 designation statements checked.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Emblem designation, not a mineralogical definition, provenance certificate or legal collecting advice. Copyrighted museum photographs were not used.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::gia-treatment", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "gia-treatment", "title": "An Introduction to Gem Treatments", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gem-treatment", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional treatment terminology", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Impregnation definition and surrounding treatment discussion read.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "Terminology only; no material-specific current treatment prevalence or detection guarantee.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-ammolite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-ammolite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips for Caring for Your Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care guidance read, including organic/coated/filled materials, ultrasonic cleaning and storage.", "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author /root/nada241_organic on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "limits": "General guidance, not a conservation protocol or a performance test of any material or individual jewel.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [ { "src": "assets/education/ammolite-construction-stacks.svg", "alt": "Three schematic stacks show one-sided solid, doublet and triplet construction.", "caption": "Examples described in a 2001 study. A one-sided solid retains natural matrix; a doublet has attached backing; a triplet adds a cap. Treatment needs its own record.", "width": 420, "height": 620, "display_max_width": 420, "author": "Atelier editorial development / Codex", "rights": "Original SVG created for this edition; no external image or branded artwork reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "ammolite-gia-2001" ], "evidence_section_id": "assembly", "scope": "Conceptual educational schematic; no handling, scale, reconstruction or independent performance test.", "sha256": "0f4506875bf636c926159a42319c287858adb7a90137224c42fa9a1f2635f514" } ], "qualified_search_terms": [ "Ammolite shell layer", "Ammolite doublet and triplet", "Alberta Ammolite research" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-red-beryl", "name": "Red beryl", "entity_type": "variety", "kind": "material", "family": "Beryl", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-red-beryl" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-red-beryl.html" ], "word_count": 1264, "summary": "Read the Utah geological account alongside laboratory comparisons, keeping growth origin and clarity treatment separate.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_ids": [ "identity-names", "chemical-identity", "looking-exercise" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "identity-names", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "chemical-identity", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "One red beryl variety; no ruby, bixbyite or parent beryl extra identity.", "notes": "One red beryl variety; no ruby, bixbyite or parent beryl extra identity." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "chemical-identity", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Parent formula, symmetry and selected durability descriptors; corrupted parsed numeric ranges omitted.", "notes": "Parent formula, symmetry and selected durability descriptors; corrupted parsed numeric ranges omitted." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "colour-and-cut", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] } ], "scope": "Zoning and dichroism in the dated review; manganese discussion retained as attribution.", "notes": "Zoning and dichroism in the dated review; manganese discussion retained as attribution." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "formation-model", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] } ], "scope": "Source explicitly supplies an inferred sequence, not direct observation of formation.", "notes": "Source explicitly supplies an inferred sequence, not direct observation of formation." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "formation-locality", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] } ], "scope": "One representative study locality; no origin certificate or current extraction inventory.", "notes": "One representative study locality; no origin certificate or current extraction inventory." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "clarity-treatment", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] } ], "scope": "Dated clarity-filling observations; no present prevalence or all-treatment survey.", "notes": "Dated clarity-filling observations; no present prevalence or all-treatment survey." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "laboratory-growth", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Named hydrothermal method and study samples, not universal producer or market scope.", "notes": "Named hydrothermal method and study samples, not universal producer or market scope." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "durability-care", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "General filled-gem care and parent-species properties; no heat or cleaning test performed.", "notes": "General filled-gem care and parent-species properties; no heat or cleaning test performed." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "dated-research", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "laboratory-growth", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Dated publications and exploration period, not first-human recognition.", "notes": "Dated publications and exploration period, not first-human recognition." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "formation-model", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "entry_id": "gem-red-beryl", "section_id": "laboratory-growth", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2001" ] } ], "scope": "Named geological and laboratory investigations with exact sample limits.", "notes": "Named geological and laboratory investigations with exact sample limits." } }, "property_labels": { "Parent composition": "Be3Al2Si6O18", "Crystal system": "Hexagonal", "Tenacity": "Brittle", "Cleavage": "Imperfect basal" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Parent composition", "value": "Be3Al2Si6O18", "scope": "Ideal beryl formula; not a full trace-element analysis of red beryl.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Hexagonal", "scope": "Parent-species reference.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Tenacity", "value": "Brittle", "scope": "Parent-species reference, interpreted alongside specimen condition.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Imperfect basal", "scope": "Parent-species reference; no destructive test recommended.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "red colour variety of beryl", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "hydrothermal synthetic red beryl (growth origin qualified)" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Parent composition", "value": "Be3Al2Si6O18", "scope": "Ideal beryl formula; not a full trace-element analysis of red beryl.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Crystal system", "value": "Hexagonal", "scope": "Parent-species reference.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Tenacity", "value": "Brittle", "scope": "Parent-species reference, interpreted alongside specimen condition.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Imperfect basal", "scope": "Parent-species reference; no destructive test recommended.", "source_ids": [ "red-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Ruby Violet, Wah Wah Mountains, Utah, USA", "scope": "Study locality in the historical 2003 account; no current mining claim.", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Winter-2003-Gems-Gemology-Red-Beryl-Utah-Review-Update.pdf" } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "red-2003-utah", "title": "2003 Utah review and geological model", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "formation-model", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2003" ], "scope": "Dated published field-informed investigation.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "red-2001-hydrothermal", "title": "2001 hydrothermal red beryl investigation", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "laboratory-growth", "source_ids": [ "red-gia-2001" ], "scope": "Seven rough and 27 faceted study samples; producer-specific scope.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "formation-model", "laboratory-growth" ], "growth_origin_scope": "Documented hydrothermal synthetic red beryl in the 2001 study; identity, natural versus laboratory growth and clarity treatment are separate questions. Findings do not authenticate an unrecorded stone.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image used; text citations do not confer an image licence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-red-beryl::red-gia-2003", "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "id": "red-gia-2003", "title": "Red Beryl from Utah: A Review and Update", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Winter-2003-Gems-Gemology-Red-Beryl-Utah-Review-Update.pdf", "publisher": "GIA; James E. Shigley, Timothy J. Thompson, Jeffrey D. Keith", "institution": "GIA; James E. Shigley, Timothy J. Thompson, Jeffrey D. Keith", "kind": "primary field-informed geological and gemological article", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2003, Winter; Gems & Gemology 39(4), 302–313", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Read the publisher's 12-page parsed PDF: introduction, geology/genesis, historical mining, physical properties, optics, inclusions, treatment and conclusion. Primary PDF reached through the publisher article's Download PDF link.", "limits": "Historical 2003 deposit and trade account; no present mining, supply, ownership, price, absence-of-treatment or owner-specimen finding. Geological genesis is an inferred model. Text citation grants no image rights.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/docs/doc1/Winter-2003-Gems-Gemology-Red-Beryl-Utah-Review-Update.pdf", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-red-beryl::red-gia-2001", "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "id": "red-gia-2001", "title": "Hydrothermal Synthetic Red Beryl from the Institute of Crystallography, Moscow", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/gems-and-gemology/pdf/SP01.pdf", "publisher": "GIA; James E. Shigley and coauthors", "institution": "GIA; James E. Shigley and coauthors", "kind": "original laboratory-growth and gemological investigation", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001, Spring; Gems & Gemology 37(1), 42–55", "verification_status": "selected_body_read", "access_notes": "Publisher's complete 96-page issue readable. Read this article's growth conditions, methods/sample count, diagnostic table, microscopy/chemistry and spectroscopy discussion; unrelated issue articles not claimed as read.", "limits": "Findings describe this producer and study samples; not all laboratory-grown red beryl or a current producer census. No laboratory experiment reproduced or reader-object authentication performed. No figure reused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/dam/migrated-assets/gems-and-gemology/pdf/SP01.pdf", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-red-beryl::red-handbook", "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "id": "red-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Beryl", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "kind": "first-party mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001, version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF read. Formula, crystal system, fracture, tenacity, cleavage and named red occurrence readable. Numeric range separators in extraction are damaged; avoid adopting those ranges from this reading.", "limits": "Species-level descriptive reference, not a red-beryl specimen test. Parent structure does not create another new catalogue identity. No image reused; reference distribution is not current supply.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/beryl.pdf", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-red-beryl::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-red-beryl", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips on Caring for Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care sections read through storage and travel guidance; no images opened or reused.", "limits": "General guidance; no material-specific cleaning or long-term wear experiment.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "hydrothermal synthetic red beryl (growth origin qualified)" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-grandidierite", "name": "Grandidierite", "entity_type": "mineral_species", "kind": "material", "family": "Magnesium–iron aluminium borosilicate", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-grandidierite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-grandidierite.html" ], "word_count": 1275, "summary": "A blue-green mineral becomes clearer through directional colour, a measured Madagascar study and carefully attributed small-gem records.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_ids": [ "identity", "microscopic-research" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Species formula and naming; no owner-specimen identification.", "notes": "Species formula and naming; no owner-specimen identification." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "durability-care", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Selected reference properties; overall jewellery durability untested.", "notes": "Selected reference properties; overall jewellery durability untested." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "optical-directions", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2016" ] } ], "scope": "Directional observations in the Tranomaro study, not a photo-based identification.", "notes": "Directional observations in the Tranomaro study, not a photo-based identification." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "formation-localities", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Representative geological occurrence settings; no complete deposit model.", "notes": "Representative geological occurrence settings; no complete deposit model." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "formation-localities", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "scientific-methods", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2016" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "published-small-gem", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2003" ] } ], "scope": "Selected occurrences and explicitly reported specimen source; no current-production inventory.", "notes": "Selected occurrences and explicitly reported specimen source; no current-production inventory." }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "One attributed repository label does not establish a species-wide treatment practice or test.", "notes": "One attributed repository label does not establish a species-wide treatment practice or test.", "limitation_evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "treatment-growth", "source_ids": [ "gdd-sofia0744" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "No readable source in this set establishes commercial grandidierite laboratory growth; no impossibility claim.", "notes": "No readable source in this set establishes commercial grandidierite laboratory growth; no impossibility claim.", "limitation_evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "treatment-growth", "source_ids": [ "gdd-sofia0744" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "durability-care", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook", "gia-care" ] } ], "scope": "Reference cleavage and general care, plus an editorial precaution; no material-specific cleaning experiment.", "notes": "Reference cleavage and general care, plus an editorial precaution; no material-specific cleaning experiment." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "published-small-gem", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2003" ] } ], "scope": "Dated published gemstone study, not first human use or discovery.", "notes": "Dated published gemstone study, not first human use or discovery." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "scientific-methods", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2016" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "published-small-gem", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2003" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "repository-record", "source_ids": [ "gdd-sofia0744" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "entry_id": "gem-grandidierite", "section_id": "microscopic-research", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2019" ] } ], "scope": "Named study and separate recorded examples; exact reading limits retained.", "notes": "Named study and separate recorded examples; exact reading limits retained." } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "(Mg,Fe)Al3(BO3)(SiO4)O2", "Symmetry": "Orthorhombic", "Mohs hardness": "7.5", "Cleavage": "Two directions; {100} more perfect" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Composition", "value": "(Mg,Fe)Al3(BO3)(SiO4)O2", "scope": "Reference label; no individual chemical analysis supplied.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Symmetry", "value": "Orthorhombic", "scope": "Reference crystal system.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "7.5", "scope": "Scratch-resistance reference, not overall durability.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Two directions; {100} more perfect", "scope": "Reference property; no cleavage test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "mineral species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "grandidierite pleochroism", "grandidierite inclusions in sapphire" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Composition", "value": "(Mg,Fe)Al3(BO3)(SiO4)O2", "scope": "Reference label; no individual chemical analysis supplied.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Symmetry", "value": "Orthorhombic", "scope": "Reference crystal system.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "7.5", "scope": "Scratch-resistance reference, not overall durability.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Two directions; {100} more perfect", "scope": "Reference property; no cleavage test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Andrahomana, Madagascar", "scope": "Representative mineral occurrence, not current supply.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Johnsburg, New York, USA", "scope": "Representative occurrence, not a gem-origin determination.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Tranomaro, Madagascar", "scope": "Location of the sampled 2016 study; no current mining claim.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2016" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-new-deposit-gem-quality-grandidierite-madagascar" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Kolonne area, Sri Lanka", "scope": "Reported rough locality for the published 0.29 ct stone.", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2003" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2003-first-faceted-grandidierite-sri-lanka-schmetzer" } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gdd-2016-study", "title": "2016 Tranomaro methods and measurements", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "scientific-methods", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2016" ], "scope": "Named study and its selected samples.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gdd-2003-faceted", "title": "2003 published transparent faceted stone", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "published-small-gem", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2003" ], "scope": "Accessible abstract only; one reported source attribution.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gdd-repository0744", "title": "Illustrated repository specimen 0744", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "repository-record", "source_ids": [ "gdd-sofia0744" ], "scope": "Online record; institution explicitly disclaims collection ownership.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gdd-2019-inclusions", "title": "2019 grandidierite inclusions in sapphire", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "microscopic-research", "source_ids": [ "gdd-gia2019" ], "scope": "Two studied inclusions; host origin not adopted.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "scientific-methods", "published-small-gem", "repository-record", "microscopic-research" ], "growth_origin_scope": "No source in this bounded set establishes commercial laboratory-grown grandidierite. Natural origin, laboratory growth and treatment remain separate specimen questions.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image used; text citations do not confer an image licence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-grandidierite::gdd-handbook", "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "id": "gdd-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Grandidierite", "url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; Mineralogical Society of America host", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001 version 1.2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF read: formula, symmetry, hardness, cleavage, optics, occurrence, naming and distribution. OCR range separators not used for numerical optical ranges.", "limits": "Species reference; representative occurrences do not certify a gem origin. No source image reused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/grandidierite.pdf", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-grandidierite::gdd-gia2016", "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "id": "gdd-gia2016", "title": "A New Deposit of Gem-Quality Grandidierite in Madagascar", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-new-deposit-gem-quality-grandidierite-madagascar", "publisher": "GIA, Gems & Gemology; Delphine Bruyère and colleagues", "institution": "GIA, Gems & Gemology; Delphine Bruyère and colleagues", "kind": "primary gemological and geochemical study", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Fall 2016; vol.52 no.3 pp.266–275", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Accessible publisher HTML introduction, geological setting, methods, results, tables and conclusions read. Standard tests on a dozen crystals; SEM, microprobe, XRD and Raman methods checked.", "limits": "Selected 2014–2016 study material only; mining, output and rarity estimates not adopted as current claims. Proposed Raman peak assignments remain tentative; no figures copied.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-new-deposit-gem-quality-grandidierite-madagascar", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-grandidierite::gdd-gia2003", "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "id": "gdd-gia2003", "title": "The First Transparent Faceted Grandidierite, from Sri Lanka", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2003-first-faceted-grandidierite-sri-lanka-schmetzer", "publisher": "GIA, Gems & Gemology; Karl Schmetzer and colleagues", "institution": "GIA, Gems & Gemology; Karl Schmetzer and colleagues", "kind": "primary study abstract and publication metadata", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Spring 2003; vol.39 no.1 pp.32–37", "verification_status": "abstract_and_metadata_read", "access_notes": "Publisher abstract and metadata read. Linked public PDF failed in web parser with Unicode decoding error; no full-text methods claimed. DOI 10.5741/gems.39.1.32.", "limits": "One published 0.29 ct stone with reported Kolonne rough locality; neither reported locality nor title establishes a first-human discovery. Full body not read.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2003-first-faceted-grandidierite-sri-lanka-schmetzer", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-grandidierite::gdd-sofia0744", "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "id": "gdd-sofia0744", "title": "Gemmology Repository: Grandidierite specimen 0744", "url": "https://www.nmnhs.com/gemmology/repository/specimen_id_en-0744.html", "publisher": "National Museum of Natural History, Sofia", "institution": "National Museum of Natural History, Sofia", "kind": "first-party illustrated specimen repository record", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Undated; checked 2026-10-06", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Record origin, weight, dimensions, cut and treatment label read. Footer explicitly states illustrated specimens are not in museum collections. No photo or map opened or reused.", "limits": "Illustrated repository record, not museum ownership. Treatment label is attributed to this single record; analytical basis and acquisition history not provided.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.nmnhs.com/gemmology/repository/specimen_id_en-0744.html", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-grandidierite::gdd-gia2019", "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "id": "gdd-gia2019", "title": "Grandidierite Inclusions in Sapphires", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2019-microworld-grandidierite-inclusions-in-sapphires", "publisher": "GIA, Gems & Gemology; Maxwell Hain and E. Billie Hughes", "institution": "GIA, Gems & Gemology; Maxwell Hain and E. Billie Hughes", "kind": "primary microscopic observation", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Spring 2019; vol.55 no.1 pp.111–112", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete main Micro-World article read, including both observations, Raman identification and cross-polarized-light description.", "limits": "Two reported sapphire-host observations; no origin determination for the hosts. Inconsistent biographical death year in this article not adopted. No photomicrograph reused.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2019-microworld-grandidierite-inclusions-in-sapphires", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-grandidierite::gia-care", "article_id": "gem-grandidierite", "id": "gia-care", "title": "Tips on Caring for Jewelry", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "institutional care guidance", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2015-12-10", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Main care sections read through storage and travel guidance; no images opened or reused.", "limits": "General guidance; no material-specific cleaning or long-term wear experiment.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-tips-caring-jewelry", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "grandidierite pleochroism", "grandidierite inclusions in sapphire" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-sphalerite", "name": "Sphalerite", "entity_type": "mineral_species", "kind": "material", "family": "Sphalerite group; zinc sulfide", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-sphalerite" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-sphalerite.html" ], "word_count": 1340, "summary": "A zinc sulfide mineral links an internal three-arm observation, a carefully arranged colour pattern and a documented museum gem.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_ids": [ "identity" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "identity", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Species formula and symmetry; no visual authentication.", "notes": "Species formula and symmetry; no visual authentication." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "durability-and-handling", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook", "sphalerite-cut-2024" ] } ], "scope": "Selected reference values and property scope; no owner-specimen measurement.", "notes": "Selected reference values and property scope; no owner-specimen measurement." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "colour-and-optics", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "microscopic-windmills", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-windmills-2020" ] } ], "scope": "Material descriptors and individual zoning examples; photographs not used as measurements.", "notes": "Material descriptors and individual zoning examples; photographs not used as measurements." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "formation-and-places", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ] } ], "scope": "Broad hydrothermal and sedimentary contexts; no reconstructed history of a loose gem.", "notes": "Broad hydrothermal and sedimentary contexts; no reconstructed history of a loose gem." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "formation-and-places", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "cutting-a-feature", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "museum-object", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-smithsonian" ] } ], "scope": "Selected occurrence and attributed object localities, not current supply.", "notes": "Selected occurrence and attributed object localities, not current supply." }, "treatments": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "The read works do not supply a treatment survey or an absence-of-treatment determination.", "notes": "The read works do not supply a treatment survey or an absence-of-treatment determination.", "limitation_evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "treatment-and-laboratory-growth", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ] } ] }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "Synthetic ZnS powder reference does not document facetable gem growth or current commercial production.", "notes": "Synthetic ZnS powder reference does not document facetable gem growth or current commercial production.", "limitation_evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "treatment-and-laboratory-growth", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ] } ] }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "durability-and-handling", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook", "sphalerite-cut-2024" ] } ], "scope": "Supported editorial handling inference; no material-specific cleaning experiment or universal wear promise.", "notes": "Supported editorial handling inference; no material-specific cleaning experiment or universal wear promise." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "dated-observations", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-windmills-2020", "sphalerite-cut-2024" ] } ], "scope": "Dated 2020 and 2024 observations, not first-human discovery.", "notes": "Dated 2020 and 2024 observations, not first-human discovery." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "museum-object", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-smithsonian" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "microscopic-windmills", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-windmills-2020" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "entry_id": "gem-sphalerite", "section_id": "cutting-a-feature", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ] } ], "scope": "Named museum and studied stones; findings remain object-specific.", "notes": "Named museum and studied stones; findings remain object-specific." } }, "property_labels": { "Composition": "(Zn,Fe)S", "Symmetry": "Cubic", "Mohs hardness": "3.5–4", "Tenacity": "Brittle", "Cleavage": "Perfect on {011}", "Refractive index": "2.37", "Dispersion": "Above 0.150" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Composition", "value": "(Zn,Fe)S", "scope": "Reference label; no individual chemical analysis supplied.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Symmetry", "value": "Cubic", "scope": "Reference crystal system.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5–4", "scope": "Scratch-resistance range, not comprehensive durability.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Tenacity", "value": "Brittle", "scope": "Reference description; object condition still matters.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Perfect on {011}", "scope": "Reference crystal cleavage; no test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Refractive index", "value": "2.37", "scope": "Material reference value stated in the case report, not a measurement supplied here.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-sphalerite-from-spain" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Dispersion", "value": "Above 0.150", "scope": "Material value stated in the report; measurement conventions not independently rechecked.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-sphalerite-from-spain" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "mineral species", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "sphalerite internal windmill structures", "sphalerite centred colour zoning" ], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Composition", "value": "(Zn,Fe)S", "scope": "Reference label; no individual chemical analysis supplied.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Symmetry", "value": "Cubic", "scope": "Reference crystal system.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Mohs hardness", "value": "3.5–4", "scope": "Scratch-resistance range, not comprehensive durability.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Tenacity", "value": "Brittle", "scope": "Reference description; object condition still matters.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Cleavage", "value": "Perfect on {011}", "scope": "Reference crystal cleavage; no test suggested.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Refractive index", "value": "2.37", "scope": "Material reference value stated in the case report, not a measurement supplied here.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-sphalerite-from-spain" }, { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Dispersion", "value": "Above 0.150", "scope": "Material value stated in the report; measurement conventions not independently rechecked.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference or named-study conditions; see source-specific access limits.", "uncertainty": "No test of an unrecorded owner specimen.", "source_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-sphalerite-from-spain" } ], "representative_localities": [ { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Aliva, Cantabria, Spain", "scope": "Representative occurrence; no individual source certificate supplied.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-handbook" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf" }, { "record_type": "representative_locality", "name": "Santander, Spain", "scope": "Museum locality field for NMNH G9018 only.", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-smithsonian" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "representative": true, "source_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10025992" } ], "relationships": [], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "sph-2020-windmills", "title": "2020 three-arm internal structures", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "microscopic-windmills", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-windmills-2020" ], "scope": "One examined 47.56 ct stone; structure composition unestablished.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "sph-2024-centred-cut", "title": "2024 centred colour-pattern cut", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "cutting-a-feature", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-cut-2024" ], "scope": "One 7.70 ct stone with reported locality and source interpretation.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "sph-g9018", "title": "Smithsonian NMNH G9018", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "museum-object", "source_ids": [ "sphalerite-smithsonian" ], "scope": "Named catalogue object; no acquisition or current display claim.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "microscopic-windmills", "cutting-a-feature", "museum-object" ], "growth_origin_scope": "A synthetic ZnS powder pattern is read as laboratory-material evidence only. Facetable laboratory growth, commercial availability and specimen origin are not established by this bounded set.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external image used; text citations do not confer an image licence." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-sphalerite::sphalerite-windmills-2020", "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "id": "sphalerite-windmills-2020", "title": "Windmills in Rare Mineral Sphalerite", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2020-microworld-windmills-in-rare-sphalerite", "publisher": "GIA; Gems & Gemology", "institution": "GIA; Gems & Gemology", "kind": "first-person gemological observation", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Summer 2020; Volume 56, Number 2", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete short HTML article and caption read. Duplicate displayed article paragraphs counted once. PDF and image file not downloaded.", "limits": "One examined stone. Morphological nickname does not establish inclusion composition, locality, diagnostic uniqueness or prevalence.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2020-microworld-windmills-in-rare-sphalerite", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sphalerite::sphalerite-cut-2024", "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "id": "sphalerite-cut-2024", "title": "Unique Sphalerite from Spain", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-sphalerite-from-spain", "publisher": "GIA; Gems & Gemology", "institution": "GIA; Gems & Gemology", "kind": "first-person gemological cut and zoning case report", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Spring 2024; Volume 60, Number 1", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete short HTML article and paired-view caption read. Repeated body counted once. PDF and photographs not downloaded.", "limits": "Single cutter-arranged stone and attributed locality. No growth process, treatment audit or current mining status established.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-sphalerite-from-spain", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sphalerite::sphalerite-handbook", "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "id": "sphalerite-handbook", "title": "Handbook of Mineralogy: Sphalerite", "url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf", "publisher": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by Mineralogical Society of America", "institution": "Mineral Data Publishing; hosted by Mineralogical Society of America", "kind": "mineralogical reference", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2001-2005; version 1", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Complete one-page parsed PDF read. Numerical property ranges are legible. Some bibliographic citations contain placeholders; those were not adopted.", "limits": "Reference ranges and selected occurrences; no specimen certification, treatment survey, commercial synthesis survey or current extraction inventory.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-sphalerite::sphalerite-smithsonian", "article_id": "gem-sphalerite", "id": "sphalerite-smithsonian", "title": "Unusual Gems: sphalerite NMNH G9018", "url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10025992", "publisher": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "institution": "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History", "kind": "first-party collection object grouping and catalogue table", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": null, "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Full collection page description and specimen table read. Object-link destination and image file not opened; table precision retained.", "limits": "Museum catalogue attribution for this object only. No acquisition date, cutter, provenance chain or current display status stated.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Fresh primary-source reading by delegated author team /root/nada253_material_author on 2026-10-06; no expert credential claimed.", "canonical_work_url": "https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10025992", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [ "sphalerite internal windmill structures", "sphalerite centred colour zoning" ], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "house-boodles", "name": "Boodles", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "house-boodles" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-boodles.html" ], "word_count": 1579, "summary": "A guide to separate business milestones, present stewardship, material provenance and compositional observation.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "scope": "Precursor and later business separated.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "scope": "Precursor family; individual names unknown.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "scope": "Four different event types.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "raindance", "source_ids": [ "boodles-raindance" ], "scope": "Named collection only.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "raindance", "source_ids": [ "boodles-raindance" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "not_documented", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "craft", "source_ids": [], "scope": "No independently documented mechanism or invention priority.", "evidence": [] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "provenance", "source_ids": [ "boodles-sustainability" ], "scope": "Scoped manufacturer provenance account.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "provenance", "source_ids": [ "boodles-sustainability" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "stewardship", "source_ids": [ "boodles-family" ], "scope": "Dated roles; beneficial ownership unknown.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-boodles", "section_id": "stewardship", "source_ids": [ "boodles-family" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Heritage origin": "1798 precursor business", "Leadership": "James Amos and Jody Wainwright, joint managing directors", "Ownership": "Family owned, according to company", "Website supplier": "Boodle and Dunthorne Limited", "Operating status": "Active jewellery catalogue; checked 2026-10-06" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Kirk family", "scope": "1798 precursor founders; no individual named.", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ] }, { "name": "Henry Wainwright", "scope": "1898 Liverpool-branch acquirer.", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "Precursor origin", "value": "1798", "scope": "Kirk family business.", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "source_url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/timeline", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "precursor origin" }, { "label": "Family branch acquisition", "value": "1898", "scope": "Liverpool branch.", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "source_url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/timeline", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "acquisition" }, { "label": "Business purchase", "value": "1910", "scope": "Boodle and Dunthorne.", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "source_url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/timeline", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "purchase" }, { "label": "Brand shortening", "value": "2004", "scope": "Boodles public name.", "source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "source_url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/timeline", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "name change" } ], "founder": "Kirk family", "founder_status": "Precursor founders; individual identities unknown.", "founder_source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "current_legal_entity": "Boodle and Dunthorne Limited", "current_legal_entity_status": "Website distance-sale supplier only.", "current_legal_entity_source_ids": [ "boodles-terms" ], "current_owner": "Family ownership (company account)", "owner_status": "Self-described family ownership; register and percentages unknown.", "owner_source_ids": [ "boodles-family" ], "current_share_register": null, "ownership_percentage": null, "legal_entity_continuity_from_origin": null, "origin_date": "1798", "origin_date_status": "Precursor heritage date; not modern incorporation.", "origin_source_ids": [ "boodles-timeline" ], "present_operating_status": "Active public jewellery catalogue", "present_operating_status_checked_at": "2026-10-06", "present_operating_status_source_ids": [ "boodles-raindance" ], "model_or_calibre_scope": "Jewellery only; no watch-calibre specifications or universal invention priority asserted.", "licensed_product_photographs": [] }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-boodles::boodles-timeline", "article_id": "house-boodles", "id": "boodles-timeline", "title": "The Boodles Timeline", "url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/timeline", "publisher": "Boodles", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Retrospective company chronology; precursor, branch acquisition, purchased business and brand name are separate events.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn39view0" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 155, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/0" }, "internal_reading_note": "Four separate events: 1798, 1898, 1910, 2004." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boodles::boodles-family", "article_id": "house-boodles", "id": "boodles-family", "title": "The Boodles Family", "url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/the-family", "publisher": "Boodles", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Company leadership and family-ownership account; no beneficial-ownership register or share percentages checked.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn39view1", "turn41view0" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 104, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/1" }, "internal_reading_note": "Current joint managing directors and chairman read." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boodles::boodles-craft", "article_id": "house-boodles", "id": "boodles-craft", "title": "Craftsmanship and Design", "url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/craftsmanship-design", "publisher": "Boodles", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Company account of design and London manufacture; no independent workshop inspection or performance testing.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn39view2", "turn41view1" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 74, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/2" }, "internal_reading_note": "Asymmetry, concealed details and London manufacture described." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boodles::boodles-raindance", "article_id": "house-boodles", "id": "boodles-raindance", "title": "Raindance Collection", "url": "https://www.boodles.com/collections/raindance", "publisher": "Boodles", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Current maker collection text; museum-display statement attributed to maker, not independently confirmed with museum record.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn48view4", "turn58view1" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 95, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/3" }, "internal_reading_note": "Raindrop inspiration and current jewellery catalogue read." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boodles::boodles-terms", "article_id": "house-boodles", "id": "boodles-terms", "title": "Website Terms of Service", "url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/terms-of-service", "publisher": "Boodles", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Names website distance-sale supplier; does not establish incorporation history or ownership.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn48view5", "turn53view4" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 84, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/4" }, "internal_reading_note": "Distance-sale supplier named in opening terms." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-boodles::boodles-sustainability", "article_id": "house-boodles", "id": "boodles-sustainability", "title": "Sustainability", "url": "https://www.boodles.com/pages/sustainability", "publisher": "Boodles", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Interested-party provenance statements; no independent supply-chain audit or specimen chain-of-custody file examined.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn61view2", "turn67view4" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 75, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/5" }, "internal_reading_note": "Diavik partnership and selected-diamond tracing account read." } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "house-mellerio", "name": "Mellerio", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "house-mellerio" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-mellerio.html" ], "word_count": 1518, "summary": "Distinguishing a family narrative, a gemstone-cut specification, a recurring motif and a named collection.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "scope": "Heritage landmark and later shop.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "scope": "Family lineage; single founder unknown.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "scope": "Selected heritage and shop dates.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "cut-and-motif", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-craft" ], "scope": "Maker ovoid and facet specification.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "cut-and-motif", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-craft" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "flexible-stem", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "scope": "Attributed patent account; priority unverified.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "flexible-stem", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "riviera", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-riviera" ], "scope": "Named collection inspiration account.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "riviera", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-riviera" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "present-house", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-riviera", "mellerio-legal" ], "scope": "Current roles and publisher; ownership unknown.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-mellerio", "section_id": "present-house", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-riviera", "mellerio-legal" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Heritage landmark": "1613 royal privileges", "Creative leadership": "Laure-Isabelle Mellerio, president and artistic director", "Website publisher": "Mellerio International S.A", "Ownership": "Beneficial ownership unknown", "Operating status": "Active jewellery catalogue; checked 2026-10-06" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "Mellerio family", "scope": "Heritage lineage; sole individual founder not established.", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ] }, { "name": "François Mellerio", "scope": "1815 rue de la Paix shopkeeper.", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "Heritage landmark", "value": "1613", "scope": "Reported royal privileges.", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "source_url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/pages/au-fil-du-temps", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "heritage landmark" }, { "label": "Rue de la Paix shop", "value": "1815", "scope": "François Mellerio.", "source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "source_url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/pages/au-fil-du-temps", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "shop opening" } ], "founder": "Mellerio family (heritage account)", "founder_status": "Sole individual modern-company founder unknown.", "founder_source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "current_legal_entity": "Mellerio International S.A", "current_legal_entity_status": "Website publisher only.", "current_legal_entity_source_ids": [ "mellerio-legal" ], "current_owner": null, "owner_status": "Beneficial owners and percentages unknown.", "owner_source_ids": [], "current_share_register": null, "ownership_percentage": null, "legal_entity_continuity_from_origin": null, "origin_date": "1613", "origin_date_status": "Royal-privilege heritage landmark; not incorporation.", "origin_source_ids": [ "mellerio-history" ], "present_operating_status": "Active public jewellery catalogue", "present_operating_status_checked_at": "2026-10-06", "present_operating_status_source_ids": [ "mellerio-cut-collection" ], "model_or_calibre_scope": "Jewellery-only discussion; signature-cut specification is attributed, not a universal material or watch-calibre claim.", "licensed_product_photographs": [] }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-mellerio::mellerio-history", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "id": "mellerio-history", "title": "Au fil du temps", "url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/pages/au-fil-du-temps", "publisher": "Mellerio", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Retrospective family history; 1613 heritage, 1815 shop and patent account not legal-continuity or priority verification.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn41view2", "turn46view2", "turn46view3" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 188, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/6" }, "internal_reading_note": "1613 privilege, 1815 shop, 1854 flexible-stem account read." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mellerio::mellerio-craft", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "id": "mellerio-craft", "title": "Savoir-faire", "url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/pages/savoir-faire", "publisher": "Mellerio", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Maker account of workshop and cut; optical superlatives, laboratory grades and patent priority not independently checked.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn41view3", "turn48view2" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 135, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/7" }, "internal_reading_note": "Workshop above boutique; ovoid cut and stated facet counts." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mellerio::mellerio-riviera", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "id": "mellerio-riviera", "title": "Riviera Collection: Exploring the 20th Century", "url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/blogs/news/riviera-collection-mellerio", "publisher": "Mellerio", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Maker collection narrative and leadership title; no appointment date, complete ownership register or universal materials list.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn41view4", "turn46view6" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 134, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/8" }, "internal_reading_note": "Laure-Isabelle president/artistic director; smooth and brushed gold." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mellerio::mellerio-legal", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "id": "mellerio-legal", "title": "Legal Notice", "url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/pages/mentions-legales", "publisher": "Mellerio", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Website publisher named; notice is not an ownership table or eighteenth-century incorporation record.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn48view3", "turn58view0" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 76, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/9" }, "internal_reading_note": "Publisher Mellerio International S.A named." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-mellerio::mellerio-cut-collection", "article_id": "house-mellerio", "id": "mellerio-cut-collection", "title": "Mellerio Cut Collection", "url": "https://www.mellerio.fr/collections/mellerio-cut", "publisher": "Mellerio", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Current maker catalogue; collection membership does not prove every listed component uses the signature gemstone cut.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn67view2", "turn69view0" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 88, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/10" }, "internal_reading_note": "Jewellery and watch references share collection heading." } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "house-david-webb", "name": "David Webb", "entity_type": "jewellery house", "kind": "jewellery house", "family": "Jewellery houses", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "house-david-webb" ], "routes": [ "reference-house-david-webb.html" ], "word_count": 1556, "summary": "Reading design, manufacture, workshop practice and object identifiers without confusing them.", "taxonomy_basis": null, "facets": { "identity_and_origins": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "scope": "Named founder and firm origin.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ] } ] }, "founders": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "scope": "Founder and financial supporter separated.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "origins", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ] } ] }, "milestones": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "museum-zebra", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ], "scope": "Manufacture, design and gift distinguished.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "museum-zebra", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ] } ] }, "signature_designs": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "animal-form", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ], "scope": "Numbered museum object only.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "animal-form", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ] } ] }, "mechanisms_and_innovations": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "animal-form", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ], "scope": "Recorded articulation; no invention priority.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "animal-form", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ] } ] }, "documented_stories": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "museum-zebra", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ], "scope": "Numbered object record.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "museum-zebra", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ] } ] }, "dated_ownership_or_revival": { "status": "partial", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "ownership", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "scope": "January 2025 reported acquisition.", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "house-david-webb", "section_id": "ownership", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ] } ] } }, "property_labels": { "Firm origin": "1948 New York", "Founder": "David Webb", "Reported owner": "Middle West Partners; acquired January 2025", "Museum object": "2018.875: made 2012; designed 1963", "Operating status": "Active jewellery catalogue; checked 2026-10-06" }, "sourced_properties": [], "material_profile": null, "house_profile": { "identity_people": [ { "name": "David Webb", "scope": "1948 namesake-firm founder.", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ] }, { "name": "Antoinette Quilleret", "scope": "Financial supporter in founding account.", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ] } ], "dated_properties_and_milestones": [ { "label": "Firm origin", "value": "1948", "scope": "New York founding account.", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "source_url": "https://www.davidwebb.com/pages/about", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "firm origin" }, { "label": "Reported acquisition", "value": "2025-01", "scope": "Middle West Partners.", "source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "source_url": "https://www.davidwebb.com/pages/about", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "acquisition" }, { "label": "Museum object manufacture", "value": "2012", "scope": "Met object 2018.875.", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ], "source_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/816244", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "manufacture" }, { "label": "Museum object design", "value": "1963", "scope": "Met object 2018.875.", "source_ids": [ "webb-met-zebra" ], "source_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/816244", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "date_type": "design" } ], "founder": "David Webb", "founder_status": "Named by current house history.", "founder_source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "current_legal_entity": null, "current_legal_entity_status": "Regional contractual entity not established.", "current_legal_entity_source_ids": [], "current_owner": "Middle West Partners (reported acquirer)", "owner_status": "January 2025 acquisition reported; share register and percentages unknown.", "owner_source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "current_share_register": null, "ownership_percentage": null, "legal_entity_continuity_from_origin": null, "origin_date": "1948", "origin_date_status": "Namesake-firm heritage origin; not verified incorporation.", "origin_source_ids": [ "webb-history" ], "present_operating_status": "Active public jewellery catalogue", "present_operating_status_checked_at": "2026-10-06", "present_operating_status_source_ids": [ "webb-current-zebra" ], "model_or_calibre_scope": "Jewellery only; museum dates apply to numbered object and current product details to named listing.", "licensed_product_photographs": [] }, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "Read dated corporate or revival claims in the cited article; no inferred present legal continuity.", "growth_origin": "not applicable", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "house-david-webb::webb-history", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "id": "webb-history", "title": "History of David Webb", "url": "https://www.davidwebb.com/pages/about", "publisher": "David Webb", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Current house history reports origin and January 2025 acquisition; no acquisition contract or current shareholder register reviewed.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn46view0", "turn53view0", "turn53view1" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 189, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/11" }, "internal_reading_note": "1948 founding; January 2025 Middle West Partners acquisition." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-david-webb::webb-met-zebra", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "id": "webb-met-zebra", "title": "Zebra Bracelet, object 2018.875", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/816244", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Museum record applies to object 2018.875; production date, design date and gift date are distinct.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn46view1", "turn48view1" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 178, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/12" }, "internal_reading_note": "2012 object; 1963 design; material list and articulation." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-david-webb::webb-workshop", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "id": "webb-workshop", "title": "Workshop", "url": "https://www.davidwebb.com/pages/workshop", "publisher": "David Webb", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Manufacturer production account, not independent factory inspection or specification for an unexamined object.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn61view0" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 80, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/13" }, "internal_reading_note": "New York manufacture, carving, enamel and modern tools." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-david-webb::webb-archives", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "id": "webb-archives", "title": "Archives and Authentication Services", "url": "https://www.davidwebb.com/pages/archives", "publisher": "David Webb", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Public service description only; no private archive card, certificate or collection record accessed; value guarantees excluded.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn61view1", "turn67view0" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 82, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/14" }, "internal_reading_note": "Style number identifies design; serial number identifies item." }, { "claim_source_id": "house-david-webb::webb-current-zebra", "article_id": "house-david-webb", "id": "webb-current-zebra", "title": "Zebra Bracelet, current product listing", "url": "https://www.davidwebb.com/products/zebra-bracelet", "publisher": "David Webb", "type": "primary", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "checked_utc": "2026-10-06T03:35:43Z", "access_status": "opened-and-read", "verification_status": "primary-text-reviewed", "access_note": "Substantive public text passages read; no paid access or account used.", "limits": "Current product details only; not manufacture dating or a certificate for a second-hand bracelet.", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation", "canonical_aliases": [], "source_use_review": { "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "review_provenance": "Fresh public primary-page text read by /root/nada253_house_author with web tools on 2026-10-06 UTC. Substantive passages were reviewed directly; search snippets and inherited planning leads are not evidence. Author-input packet, pending root review.", "access_method": "web.open and focused web.find on actual public pages", "reviewed_web_reference_ids": [ "turn67view1", "turn69view2" ], "text_reuse": "Paraphrase only; no source quotations.", "source_derived_word_limit": 200, "verbatim_word_limit": 25, "review_status": "author_checked_pending_root_review", "source_derived_words_in_packet_and_notes": 95, "budget_field_pointer": "/source_word_budget/sources/15" }, "internal_reading_note": "Current listing distinguishes cabochon rubies and brilliant-cut diamonds." } ], "images": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "reviewed_at": "2026-10-06" }, { "entity_id": "gem-coral", "name": "Coral", "entity_type": "biogenic_material", "kind": "material", "family": "Biogenic materials", "aliases": [], "status": "verified", "review_scope": "Reviewed editorial profile in this local edition. Dated source access, maker attribution, research scope and uncertainty retained; no independent handling or performance test.", "article_ids": [ "gem-coral" ], "routes": [ "reference-gem-coral.html" ], "word_count": 1265, "summary": "A biogenic skeletal material examined through Mediterranean red coral.", "taxonomy_basis": { "article_id": "gem-coral", "section_ids": [ "species-boundaries", "archaeological-objects" ] }, "facets": { "identity": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "biogenic-growth", "source_ids": [ "cor-development" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "properties": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "biogenic-growth", "source_ids": [ "cor-development" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "colors_and_optics": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "color-research", "source_ids": [ "cor-color" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "formation": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "biogenic-growth", "source_ids": [ "cor-development" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "representative_localities": { "status": "not_documented", "evidence": [], "scope": "No accepted evidence.", "notes": "No assertion of absence." }, "treatments": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "color-research", "source_ids": [ "cor-color" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "treatment-care", "source_ids": [ "cor-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "laboratory_growth": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "biogenic-growth", "source_ids": [ "cor-development" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Biological cultivation only." }, "care": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "treatment-care", "source_ids": [ "cor-treatment" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "history": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "archaeological-objects", "source_ids": [ "cor-archaeology" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "museum-necklace", "source_ids": [ "cor-met" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "curatorial-history", "source_ids": [ "cor-exhibition" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." }, "documented_objects_or_research": { "status": "partial", "evidence": [ { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "color-research", "source_ids": [ "cor-color" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "dna-research", "source_ids": [ "cor-dna" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "species-boundaries", "source_ids": [ "cor-genotyping" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "archaeological-objects", "source_ids": [ "cor-archaeology" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "imitation-case", "source_ids": [ "cor-imitation" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "museum-necklace", "source_ids": [ "cor-met" ] }, { "article_id": "gem-coral", "entry_id": "gem-coral", "section_id": "curatorial-history", "source_ids": [ "cor-exhibition" ] } ], "scope": "Section-bounded.", "notes": "Partial." } }, "property_labels": { "Material": "Biogenic skeleton" }, "sourced_properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Material", "value": "Biogenic skeleton", "scope": "Reference.", "source_ids": [ "cor-development" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference.", "uncertainty": "Unexamined.", "source_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1052854/full" } ], "material_profile": { "identity_kind": "biogenic skeletal material", "aliases": [], "qualified_search_terms": [], "properties": [ { "record_type": "material_property", "label": "Material", "value": "Biogenic skeleton", "scope": "Reference.", "source_ids": [ "cor-development" ], "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "conditions": "Reference.", "uncertainty": "Unexamined.", "source_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1052854/full" } ], "representative_localities": [], "relationships": [ { "record_type": "editorial_crosslink", "target_id": "gem-calcite", "scope": "Compare this identity record with the material account.", "source_ids": [], "evidence_class": "original-editorial-navigation" }, { "record_type": "editorial_crosslink", "target_id": "gem-pearl", "scope": "Compare its identity record and evidence questions.", "source_ids": [], "evidence_class": "original-editorial-navigation" }, { "record_type": "editorial_crosslink", "target_id": "guide-rocks-and-organic-gems", "scope": "Compare the catalogue’s material categories.", "source_ids": [], "evidence_class": "original-editorial-navigation" }, { "record_type": "editorial_crosslink", "target_id": "guide-treatments-and-assemblies", "scope": "Follow treatment and assembly vocabulary.", "source_ids": [], "evidence_class": "original-editorial-navigation" } ], "documented_stories": [ { "record_type": "documented_story", "id": "gem-coral-documented-story", "title": "Moroccan necklace record", "story_type": "documented_publication_or_object", "section_id": "museum-necklace", "source_ids": [ "cor-met" ], "scope": "Museum attribution.", "checked_at": "2026-10-06" } ], "history_and_documented_research": [ "color-research", "dna-research", "species-boundaries", "archaeological-objects", "imitation-case", "museum-necklace", "curatorial-history" ], "growth_origin_scope": "No growth-origin finding for an unrecorded object.", "licensed_images": [], "image_rights_scope": "No external assets used." }, "house_profile": null, "properties_scope": "These are the source article's typical/descriptive labels. Groups, conditions and specimen measurements require the article text; blank inherited labels mean unrecorded.", "current_legal_entity": null, "current_owner": null, "corporate_classification": "not applicable", "growth_origin": "not a specimen record; natural/laboratory/unknown is assessed separately from identity and treatment", "sources": [ { "claim_source_id": "gem-coral::cor-development", "article_id": "gem-coral", "id": "cor-development", "title": "Early stages of development in Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum): The key role of sclerites", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1052854/full", "publisher": "Frontiers in Marine Science", "institution": "Frontiers in Marine Science", "kind": "Primary publication", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "2023", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Body read.", "limits": "Study-bound.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Public reading.", "canonical_work_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1052854", "image_rights": "not inferred from this citation" }, { "claim_source_id": "gem-coral::cor-color", "article_id": "gem-coral", "id": "cor-color", "title": "Pink-to-Red Coral: a Guide to Determining Origin of Color", "url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2007-pink-to-red-coral-smith", "publisher": "GIA", "institution": "GIA", "kind": "Primary publication", "checked": "2026-10-06", "checked_at": "2026-10-06", "publication_date": "Spring 2007", "verification_status": "body_read", "access_notes": "Linked research PDF body read.", "limits": "Study-bound.", "read_during_authoring": true, "external_image_used": false, "review_provenance": "Public reading.", "canonical_work_url": "https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2007-pink-to-red-coral-smith", "canonical_aliases": [ 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